Human differences in disease phenotype and treatment responses are well documented. Technological advances now allow healthcare providers to improve the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases by stratifying patient populations. Although personalized medicine has great promise, it has, so far, been primarily applied in oncology. Wider adoption requires changes in the healthcare system and in clinical decision-making, and early applications of personalized medicine appear to require strong clinical utility and sufficient value to drive adoption. Personalized medicine is likely to enter dentistry as patients start to demand it and as new drugs are developed for pathways common to oral diseases.