Interactions of acid-base balance and hematocrit regulation during environmental respiratory gas challenges in developing chicken embryos (Gallus gallus)

Abstract

How the determinants of hematocrit (Hct) - alterations in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and/or red blood cell concentration ([RBC]) - are influenced by acid-base balance adjustments across development in the chicken embryo is poorly understood. We hypothesized, based on oxygen transport needs of the embryos, that Hct will increase during 1 day of hypercapnic hypoxia (5%CO(2), 15%O(2)) or hypoxia alone (0%CO(2), 15%O(2)), but decrease in response to hyperoxia (0%CO(2), 40%O(2)). Further, age-related differences in acid-base disturbances and Hct regulation may arise, because the O(2) transport and hematological regulatory systems are still developing in embryonic chickens. Our studies showed that during 1 day of hypoxia (with or without hypercapnia) Hct increased through both increased MCV and [RBC] in day 15 (d15) embryo, but only through increased MCV in d17 embryo and therefore enhancement of O(2) transport was age-dependent. Hypercapnia alone caused a ≈ 14% decrease in Hct through decreased [RBC] and therefore did not compensate for decreased blood oxygen affinity resulting from the Bohr shift. The 11% (d15) and 14% (d17) decrease in Hct during hyperoxia in advanced embryos was because of an 8% and 9% decrease, respectively, in [RBC], coupled with an associated 3% and 5% decrease in MCV. Younger, d13 embryos were able to metabolically compensate for respiratory acidosis induced by hypercapnic hypoxia, and so were more tolerant of disturbances in acid-base status induced via alterations in environmental respiratory gas composition than their more advanced counterparts. This counter-intuitive increased tolerance likely results from the relatively low [Formula: see text] and immature physiological functions of younger embryos.