Baboons regularly drink surface waters derived from atmospheric precipitation, or meteoric water. As a result, the oxygen isotope (δ(18)O) composition of their tissues is expected to reflect that of local meteoric waters. Animal proxies of the oxygen isotope composition of meteoric water have practical applications as paleoenvironmental recorders because they can be used to infer aridity and temperature in historic and fossil systems. To explore this premise, we measured the δ(18)O values of hair from two baboon species, Papio anubis and Papio hamadryas, inhabiting Awash National Park, Ethiopia. The hybridizing taxa differ in their ranging behavior and physiological response to heat. Papio hamadryas ranges more widely in the arid thornbush and is inferred to ingest a greater proportion of leaf water that is enriched in (18)O as a result of evaporative fractionation. It is also better able to conserve body water, which reduces its dependence on meteoric waters depleted in (18)O. Taken together, these factors would predict relatively higher δ(18)O values in the hair (δ(18)O(hair)) of P. hamadryas. We found that the δ(18)O(hair) values of P. hamadryas were higher than those of P. anubis, yet the magnitude of the difference was marginal. We attribute this result to a common source of drinking water, the Awash River, and the longer drinking bouts of P. hamadryas. Our findings suggest that differences in δ(18)O values among populations of Papio (modern or ancient) reflect different sources of drinking water (which might have ecological significance) and, further, that Papio has practical value as a paleoenvironmental recorder.