About 0.05 mg Cd l-1 was found in the irrigation water contaminated by the wastewater discharged from tungsten ore dressing plants, and about 1 mg Cd kg-1 was found in irrigated acid soils. The main sources of cadmium intake by residents of the polluted areas are agricultural products. The average intake of cadmium was 367-382 micrograms day-1, and for smokers 417 micrograms day-1. Among the residents who have been exposed to cadmium for more than 25 years, cadmium absorption (urinary cadmium greater than or equal to 10 micrograms g-1 creatine) was 60% and an early effect on the target organ (urinary cadmium greater than or equal to 15 micrograms g-1 creatinine and urinary beta 2-microglobulin greater than 500 micrograms g-1 creatinine) was detected in 17% of the sample of 433 persons. Levels of urinary cadmium and blood cadmium exceeded the critical value in the exposed group. The concentrations of urinary calcium, beta 2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase were significantly higher in residents of contaminated areas than in those of control areas. Case-control study of the residents shows that many have suffered from a nephropathy with tubulo-interstitial abnormalities. Owing to the combined cadmium effect, the cases with fractional beta 2-microglobulin excretion greater than 0.10 were 46% in the exposed population, and were much higher than that in the control group (20.3%).