Inhibitory effects of levetiracetam on the high-voltage-activated L-type Ca²⁺ channels in hippocampal CA3 neurons of spontaneously epileptic rat (SER)

Abstract

Levetiracetam (LEV) is a widely used antiepileptic agent for partial refractory epilepsy in humans. LEV has unique antiepileptic effects in that it does not inhibit electroshock- or pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion, but does inhibit seizures in kindling animal and spontaneously epileptic rat (SER: zi/zi, tm/tm) that shows both tonic convulsion and absence-like seizures. LEV also has unique characteristics in terms of its antiepileptic mechanism; it has no activity on Na⁺ and K⁺ channels or on glutamate and GABA(A) receptors. Recently, we found that LEV inhibits the depolarization shift and accompanying repetitive firing induced by mossy fiber stimulation in CA3 neurons of SER hippocampal slices. Therefore, this study was performed to determine whether LEV could inhibit the voltage-activated L-type Ca²⁺ current of hippocampal CA3 neurons obtained from SER and the non-epileptic Wistar rat. As previously reported, SER CA3 neurons were classified into type 1 and type 2 neurons. The application of LEV (100 μM) elevated the threshold for activation of the Ca²⁺ current, which was lowered in SER type 1 neurons and reduced the current size. Type 2 neurons of SER have a similar current-voltage relationship to Wistar rat neurons and the decay component of Ca²⁺ current during depolarization pulse in type 2 neurons was found to be smaller than that in Wistar rat neurons. LEV (100 μM) also reduced Ca²⁺ current in SER type 2 neurons. The effects of LEV were examined on such type 2 SER hippocampal CA3 neurons, compared with those on Wistar rat CA3 neurons. Application of LEV (10 μM) produced a significant decrease of amplitude of the Ca²⁺ current in SER neurons, although at this concentration of LEV there was no statistically significant decrease in the amplitude of Ca²⁺ current in Wistar rat neurons. Furthermore, LEV (100 nM-1 mM) reduced the Ca²⁺ current in a concentration-dependent manner in both SER and Wistar rat neurons, but the inhibition was much more potent in the former neurons than in the latter. Under the condition that the Ca²⁺ current had already been inhibited by LEV (10 μM), the addition of nifedipine (10 μM) did not cause further inhibition. Conversely, LEV had no effects on the current that had already been decreased by nifedipine (10 μM) given before LEV treatment (10 μM), indicating that LEV could act on the L-type Ca²⁺ channel. LEV elevated the threshold potential level for activation of the Ca²⁺ current and reduced the L-type Ca²⁺ current in type 1 neurons of SER, and the inhibitory action in type 2 neurons was much more potent than that in Wistar rat neurons, suggesting that these effects contribute, at least partly, to the antiepileptic action of LEV.