Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2012 Nov 20:345:e7279.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.e7279.

Muscular strength in male adolescents and premature death: cohort study of one million participants

Francisco B Ortega  1 , Karri Silventoinen, Per Tynelius, Finn Rasmussen
Affiliations

Muscular strength in male adolescents and premature death: cohort study of one million participants

Francisco B Ortega et al. BMJ. .

Abstract

Objectives: To explore the extent to which muscular strength in adolescence is associated with all cause and cause specific premature mortality (<55 years).

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Sweden.

Participants: 1,142,599 Swedish male adolescents aged 16-19 years were followed over a period of 24 years.

Main outcome measures: Baseline examinations included knee extension, handgrip, and elbow flexion strength tests, as well as measures of diastolic and systolic blood pressure and body mass index. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios for mortality according to muscular strength categories (tenths).

Results: During a median follow-up period of 24 years, 26,145 participants died. Suicide was a more frequent cause of death in young adulthood (22.3%) than was cardiovascular diseases (7.8%) or cancer (14.9%). High muscular strength in adolescence, as assessed by knee extension and handgrip tests, was associated with a 20-35% lower risk of premature mortality due to any cause or cardiovascular disease, independently of body mass index or blood pressure; no association was observed with mortality due to cancer. Stronger adolescents had a 20-30% lower risk of death from suicide and were 15-65% less likely to have any psychiatric diagnosis (such as schizophrenia and mood disorders). Adolescents in the lowest tenth of muscular strength showed by far the highest risk of mortality for different causes. All cause mortality rates (per 100,000 person years) ranged between 122.3 and 86.9 for the weakest and strongest adolescents; corresponding figures were 9.5 and 5.6 for mortality due to cardiovascular diseases and 24.6 and 16.9 for mortality due to suicide.

Conclusions: Low muscular strength in adolescents is an emerging risk factor for major causes of death in young adulthood, such as suicide and cardiovascular diseases. The effect size observed for all cause mortality was equivalent to that for well established risk factors such as elevated body mass index or blood pressure.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare: the study was supported by a grant to FR from the Swedish Research Council, and FBO was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Figures

None
Fig 1 Hazard ratios (95% CI) for relation of muscular strength, body mass index, and blood pressure with all cause premature death. Models were adjusted for birth cohort, conscription age, and conscription office (n=1 142 599)
None
Fig 2 Hazard ratios (95% CI) for relation of muscular strength, body mass index, and blood pressure with premature death from cardiovascular disease. Models were adjusted for birth cohort, conscription age, and conscription office (n=1 118 154)
None
Fig 3 Hazard ratios (95% CI) for relation of muscular strength, body mass index, and blood pressure with premature death from suicide. Models were adjusted for birth cohort, conscription age, and conscription office (n=1 121 480)
None
Fig 4 Hazard ratios (95% CI) for relation of muscular strength, body mass index, and blood pressure with premature death from cancer. Models were adjusted for birth cohort, conscription age, and conscription office (n=1 119 790)
None
Fig 5 Hazard ratios (95% CI) for relation of muscular strength, body mass index, and blood pressure, mutually adjusted, with all cause premature death and death from cardiovascular disease and suicide. Models were additionally adjusted for birth cohort, conscription age, and conscription office
None
Fig 6 Hazard ratios (95% CI) for relation of muscular strength with all cause premature death, stratified by body mass index (BMI) categories. Models were adjusted for birth cohort, conscription age, and conscription office
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, Maki M, Yachi Y, Asumi M, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2009;301:2024-35. - PubMed
    1. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 2002;346:793-801. - PubMed
    1. Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ, Moreno LA, González-Gross M, Warnberg J, et al. [Low level of physical fitness in Spanish adolescents: relevance for future cardiovascular health (AVENA study)] [Spanish]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2005;58:898-909. - PubMed
    1. Al Snih S, Markides KS, Ray L, Ostir GV, Goodwin JS. Handgrip strength and mortality in older Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:1250-6. - PubMed
    1. Fujita Y, Nakamura Y, Hiraoka J, Kobayashi K, Sakata K, Nagai M, et al. Physical-strength tests and mortality among visitors to health-promotion centers in Japan. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:1349-59. - PubMed

Publication types