Greater weight loss from running than walking during a 6.2-yr prospective follow-up

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to test whether equivalent changes in moderate (walking) and vigorous exercise (running) produce equivalent weight loss under free-living, nonexperimental conditions.

Methods: Regression analyses of changes (Δ) in body mass index (BMI) versus exercise energy expenditure (ΔMET-hours per day, 1 MET = 3.5 mL O2·kg·min) from survey questionnaires completed at baseline and 6.2 yr thereafter in 15,237 walkers and 32,216 runners were used in this study.

Results: At baseline, walkers spent less energy walking than runners spent running (mean ± SD; males = 2.22 ± 1.65 vs 5.31 ± 3.12 MET·h·d, females = 2.15 ± 1.63 vs 4.76 ± 3.03 MET·h·d), and walkers were significantly heavier than runners (males = 26.63 ± 4.04 vs 24.09 ± 2.58 kg·m, females = 25.44 ± 5.14 vs 21.61 ± 2.49 kg·m). During follow-up, energy expenditure declined less for walking in walkers than for running in runners (males = -0.19 ± 1.92 vs -1.27 ± 2.87 MET·h·d, females = -0.30 ± 1.93 vs -1.28 ± 2.85 MET·h·d). ΔBMI was inversely related to both ΔMET-hours per day run and ΔMET-hours per day walked, but more strongly to ΔMET-hours per day run than walked in men and in heavier women. Specifically, the regression coefficient for ΔBMI versus ΔMET-hours per day was significantly more negative for running than walking in men in the first quartile (differences in slope ± SE: -0.06 ± 0.03, P = 0.01), second quartile (-0.10 ± 0.03, P = 0.001), third quartile (-0.17 ± 0.03, P < 10), and fourth quartile of BMI (-0.14 ± 0.03, P < 10) and in the fourth BMI quartile of women (-0.32 ± 0.04 kg·m per MET-hours per day, P < 10). This represented 90% greater weight loss per MET-hours per day run than walked in the fourth BMI quartile for both sexes. Age-related weight gain was attenuated by running in both sexes (P < 10) and by walking in women (P = 0.005).

Conclusion: Although ΔBMI was significantly associated with both ΔMET-hours per day run and walked, the ΔBMI was significantly greater for Δrunning than Δwalking.

Figure 1

Regression slopes for ΔBMI or ΔWaist circumference (dependent variables) vs. changes in exercise energy expenditure (ΔMETh/d, independent variable), stratified by quartiles of adiposity (Average of baseline and follow-up BMIs or waist circumferences). The significance levels associated with the key refer to the test for progressively increasing regression slopes with increasing adiposity. Significance of the individual regression slopes are coded: * P<0.05; † P<0.01; ‡ P<0.001; § P<0.0001; and ¶ P<10⁻¹⁵. The cut points for the 25^th, 50^th, and 75th quantiles were: 23.94, 26.08, and 28.62 kg/m², respectively, for male BMI; 22.17, 26.08, and 27.90 kg/m², respectively, for female BMI; 87.63, 92.71, and 99.06 cm, respectively, for male waist circumference; and 71.12, 77.47, and 85.72 cm, respectively, for female waist circumference.