The neurotoxicity of gene vectors and its amelioration by packaging with collagen hollow spheres

Abstract

Over the last twenty years there have been several reports on the use of nonviral vectors to facilitate gene transfer in the mammalian brain. Whilst a large emphasis has been placed on vector transfection efficiency, the study of the adverse effects upon the brain, caused by the vectors themselves, remains completely overshadowed. To this end, a study was undertaken to study the tissue response to three commercially available transfection agents in the brain of adult Sprague Dawley rats. The response to these transfection agents was compared to adeno-associated viral vector (AAV), PBS and naked DNA. Furthermore, the use of a collagen hollow sphere (CHS) sustained delivery system was analysed for its ability to reduce striatal toxicity of the most predominantly studied polymer vector, polyethyleneimine (PEI). The size of the gross tissue loss at the injection site was analysed after immunohistochemical staining and was used as an indication of acute toxicity. Polymeric vectors showed similar levels of acute brain toxicity as seen with AAV, and CHS were able to significantly reduce the toxicity of the PEI vector. In addition; the host response to the vectors was measured in terms of reactive astrocytes and microglial cell recruitment. To understand whether this gross tissue loss was caused by the direct toxicity of the vectors themselves an in vitro study on primary astrocytes was conducted. All vectors reduced the viability of the cells which is brought about by direct necrosis and apoptosis. The CHS delivery system reduced cell necrosis in the early stages of post administration. In conclusion, whilst polymeric gene vectors cause acute necrosis, administration in the brain causes adverse effects no worse than that of an AAV vector. Furthermore, packaging the PEI vector with CHS reduces surface charge and direct toxicity without elevating the host response.