Combined experimental and theoretical study on the reductive cleavage of inert C-O bonds with silanes: ruling out a classical Ni(0)/Ni(II) catalytic couple and evidence for Ni(I) intermediates

J Am Chem Soc. 2013 Feb 6;135(5):1997-2009. doi: 10.1021/ja311940s. Epub 2013 Jan 23.

Abstract

A mechanistic and computational study on the reductive cleavage of C-OMe bonds catalyzed by Ni(COD)(2)/PCy(3) with silanes as reducing agents is reported herein. Specifically, we demonstrate that the mechanism for this transformation does not proceed via oxidative addition of the Ni(0) precatalyst into the C-OMe bond. In the absence of an external reducing agent, the in-situ-generated oxidative addition complexes rapidly undergo β-hydride elimination at room temperature, ultimately leading to either Ni(0)-carbonyl- or Ni(0)-aldehyde-bound complexes. Characterization of these complexes by X-ray crystallography unambiguously suggested a different mechanistic scenario when silanes are present in the reaction media. Isotopic-labeling experiments, kinetic isotope effects, and computational studies clearly reinforced this perception. Additionally, we also found that water has a deleterious effect by deactivating the Ni catalyst via formation of a new Ni-bridged hydroxo species that was characterized by X-ray crystallography. The order in each component was determined by plotting the initial rates of the C-OMe bond cleavage at varying concentrations. These data together with the in-situ-monitoring experiments by (1)H NMR, EPR, IR spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations provided a mechanistic picture that involves Ni(I) as the key reaction intermediates, which are generated via comproportionation of initially formed Ni(II) species. This study strongly supports that a classical Ni(0)/Ni(II) for C-OMe bond cleavage is not operating, thus opening up new perspectives to be implemented in other related C-O bond-cleavage reactions.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Carbon / chemistry*
  • Catalysis
  • Crystallography, X-Ray
  • Ethers / chemistry
  • Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / chemical synthesis
  • Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / chemistry
  • Models, Molecular
  • Molecular Structure
  • Nickel / chemistry*
  • Organometallic Compounds / chemistry*
  • Oxidation-Reduction
  • Oxygen / chemistry*
  • Quantum Theory*
  • Silanes / chemistry*

Substances

  • Ethers
  • Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
  • Organometallic Compounds
  • Silanes
  • Carbon
  • Nickel
  • Oxygen