Child-adult differences in the kinetics of torque development

J Sports Sci. 2013;31(9):945-53. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.757343. Epub 2013 Jan 15.

Abstract

Children have lower size-normalised maximal voluntary force, speed, and power than adults. It has been hypothesised that these and other age-related performance differences are due to lesser type-II motor-unit utilisation in children. This should be manifested as slower force kinetics in explosive muscle contractions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of child-adult force-kinetics differences and whether the latter could support that hypothesis. Untrained boys (n = 20) and men (n = 20) (10.1 ± 1.3 and 22.9 ± 4.4 years, respectively), performed maximal, explosive, isometric elbow flexions and knee extensions on a Biodex dynamometer. Peak torque (MVC), times to 10-100% MVC, and other kinetics parameters were determined. The boys' body-mass-normalised knee extension MVC, peak rate of torque development, and %MVC at 100 ms were 26, 17 and 23% lower compared with the men and their times to 30% and 80% MVC were 24 and 48% longer, respectively. Elbow flexion kinetics showed similar or greater differences. The findings illuminate boys' inherent disadvantage in tasks requiring speed or explosive force. It is demonstrated that the extent of the boys-men kinetics disparity cannot be explained by muscle-composition and/or musculo-tendinous-stiffness differences. We suggest therefore that the findings indirectly support children's lower utilisation of type-II motor units.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Age Factors
  • Child
  • Elbow / physiology
  • Electromyography
  • Humans
  • Kinetics
  • Knee / physiology
  • Male
  • Muscle Contraction
  • Muscle Strength / physiology
  • Muscle Strength Dynamometer
  • Muscle, Skeletal / physiology*
  • Torque*
  • Young Adult

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