Study design: Matched cohort comparison.
Objective: To compare the use of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) or iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) on the long-term outcomes in patients undergoing long fusions to the sacrum for adult spinal deformity.
Summary of background data: No long-term studies beyond a 2-year follow-up have been performed comparing the use of BMP versus ICBG for fusion rates in long fusions to the sacrum in adult spinal deformity.
Methods: A total of 63 consecutive patients, from 1997-2006, comprised of 31 patients in the BMP group and 32 patients in the ICBG group, operated on at a single institution with a minimum 4-year follow-up (4-14 yr) were analyzed. Inclusion criteria were ambulators who were candidates for long fusions (thoracic as the upper level) to the sacrum. Exclusion criteria were revisions, neuromuscular scoliosis, ankylosing spondylitis, and patients who had both BMP and ICBG used for fusion. Oswestry Disability Index and 3 domains of the Scoliosis Research Society score were used to assess outcomes.
Results: The 2 groups were similar with respect to age, sex, smoking history, comorbidities, BMI, number of fusion levels and Cobb angles. Eight patients in the BMP group underwent a posterior only, whereas 23 underwent combined anterior and posterior (A/P) surgery. All 32 patients in the ICBG had A/P fusion. The average BMP level was 11.1 mg (3-36 mg). The rate pseudarthrosis was 6.4% (2/31) in the BMP and 28.1% (9/32) in the ICBG group (P = 0.04) using Fisher exact test and odds ratio = 5.67. The fusion rates for BMP group were 93.5% and 71.9% for the ICBG group. Oswestry Disability Indexes were similar between groups. However, the BMP group demonstrated superior sum composite Scoliosis Research Society scores in pain, self-image and function domains (P = 0.02).
Conclusion: BMP is superior to ICBG in achieving fusion in long constructs in adult deformity surgery. The rate of pseudarthrosis was significantly higher in the ICBG group than BMP group. The concentration and dosage of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) used seems to have an effect on the rate of fusion and pseudarthrosis rate because no patient receiving more than 5 mg per level had apparent or detected pseudarthroses (n = 20/20).
Level of evidence: 3.