Aryl hydrocarbon receptor contributes to the MEK/ERK-dependent maintenance of the immature state of human dendritic cells

Abstract

Dendritic cells (DCs) promote tolerance or immunity depending on their maturation state, which is enhanced or accelerated upon MEK-ERK signaling pathway inhibition. We have determined the contribution of MEK-ERK activation to the profile of gene expression of human immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) and peripheral blood myeloid DCs. ERK inhibition altered the expression of genes that mediate Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19)-directed migration (CCR7) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) binding (CD36, SCARB1, OLR1, CXCL16) by immature DCs. In addition, ERK upregulated CCL2 expression while impairing the expression of DC maturation markers (RUNX3, ITGB7, IDO1). MEK-ERK-regulated genes exhibited an overrepresentation of cognate sequences for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transcription factor, whose transcriptional and DNA-binding activities increased in MDDCs upon exposure to the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Therefore, the MEK-ERK signaling pathway regulates antigen capture, lymph node homing, and acquisition of maturation-associated genes, and its contribution to the maintenance of the immature state of MDDCs and myeloid DCs is partly dependent on the activity of AhR. Since pharmacologic modulation of the MEK-ERK signaling pathway has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer, our findings indicate that ERK inhibitors might influence antitumor responses through regulation of critical DC effector functions.