Ataxin-10 is a cytoplasmic protein that belongs to the family of armadillo repeat proteins and the ataxin proteins are ubiquitously expressed in nervous tissue. A loss of Ataxin-10 in primary neuronal cells causes increased apoptosis of cerebellar neurons. Knockdown of ATXN10 with siRNA in HeLa cells results in cytokinesis defects-multinucleation. Because of the essential role of Ataxin-10 in nervous system and cellular cytokinesis, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression of Ataxin-10 in a rat sciatic nerve crush (SNC) model. After never injury, we observed that Ataxin-10 had a significant up-regulation from 3d, peaked at day 5 and then gradually decreased to the normal level at 4 weeks. At its peak expression, Ataxin-10 expressed mainly in Schwann cells and macrophages of the distal sciatic nerve segment from injury, but had few co-localizations in axons. Besides, the peak expression of Ataxin-10 was in parallel with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Ataxin-10 co-labeled with PCNA. Thus, all of our findings suggested that Ataxin-10 may be involved in the pathophysiology of sciatic nerve after SNC.