Multiple cues for winged morph production in an aphid metacommunity

PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58323. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058323. Epub 2013 Mar 5.

Abstract

Environmental factors can lead individuals down different developmental pathways giving rise to distinct phenotypes (phenotypic plasticity). The production of winged or unwinged morphs in aphids is an example of two alternative developmental pathways. Dispersal is paramount in aphids that often have a metapopulation structure, where local subpopulations frequently go extinct, such as the specialized aphids on tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). We conducted various experiments to further understand the cues involved in the production of winged dispersal morphs by the two dominant species of the tansy aphid metacommunity, Metopeurum fuscoviride and Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria. We found that the ant-tended M. fuscoviride produced winged individuals predominantly at the beginning of the season while the untended M. tanacetaria produced winged individuals throughout the season. Winged mothers of both species produced winged offspring, although in both species winged offspring were mainly produced by unwinged females. Crowding and the presence of predators, effects already known to influence wing production in other aphid species, increased the percentage of winged offspring in M. tanacetaria, but not in M. fuscoviride. We find there are also other factors (i.e. temporal effects) inducing the production of winged offspring for natural aphid populations. Our results show that the responses of each aphid species are due to multiple wing induction cues.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Ants
  • Aphids / physiology*
  • Crowding
  • Environment
  • Female
  • Life Cycle Stages
  • Phenotype*
  • Regression Analysis
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Seasons
  • Species Specificity
  • Tanacetum
  • Time Factors
  • Wings, Animal / physiology*

Grants and funding

MM was supported financially by the Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (www.msrt.ir). This study was partly supported by grant WE 3081/2-3 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) to WWW. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.