Molecular basis of [FeFe]-hydrogenase function: an insight into the complex interplay between protein and catalytic cofactor

Abstract

The precise electrochemical features of metal cofactors that convey the functions of redox enzymes are essentially determined by the specific interaction pattern between cofactor and enclosing protein environment. However, while biophysical techniques allow a detailed understanding of the features characterizing the cofactor itself, knowledge about the contribution of the protein part is much harder to obtain. [FeFe]-hydrogenases are an interesting class of enzymes that catalyze both, H2 oxidation and the reduction of protons to molecular hydrogen with significant efficiency. The active site of these proteins consists of an unusual prosthetic group (H-cluster) with six iron and six sulfur atoms. While H-cluster architecture and catalytic states during the different steps of H2 turnover have been thoroughly investigated during the last 20 years, possible functional contributions from the polypeptide framework were only assumed according to the level of conservancy and X-ray structure analyses. Due to the recent development of simpler and more efficient expression systems the role of single amino acids can now be experimentally investigated. This article summarizes, compares and categorizes the results of recent investigations based on site directed and random mutagenesis according to their informative value about structure function relationships in [FeFe]-hydrogenases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Metals in Bioenergetics and Biomimetics Systems.

Keywords: ADT; Clostridium; CpI; DFT; DdH; Ferredoxin; Green algae; HYSCORE; HydA(Ca); HydA1(Cr); MD; MM; Oxygen sensitivity; QM; [FeFe]-hydrogenase; [FeFe]-hydrogenase 1 from Clostridium pasteurianum; [FeFe]-hydrogenase HydA1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; azadithiolate; density functional theory; hydrogenase 1 from Clostridium acetobutylicum; hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy; molecular dynamics; molecular mechanics; periplasmic [FeFe]-hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans; quantum mechanics.