Abstract
We investigated the composition of essential oil from fingered citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis) (FCEO) peels by GC-MS and its anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells. Fifteen compounds, representing 98.97% of the essential oil, were tentatively identified; the main constituents were limonene (52.44%) and γ-terpinene (28.41%). FCEO significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by suppressing the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, respectively. Additionally, FCEO suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. FCEO attenuated LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation via inhibition of inhibitor κB-α phosphorylation. Furthermore, FCEO blocked activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but not that of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These results indicate that FCEO inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammation by blocking the NF-κB, JNK, and ERK pathways in macrophages, and demonstrate that FCEO possesses anti-inflammatory properties.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / pharmacology*
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Cell Line / drug effects
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Citrus / chemistry*
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Cyclohexane Monoterpenes
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Cyclohexenes / pharmacology
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Cytokines / metabolism
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Dinoprostone / metabolism
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JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
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JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism
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Limonene
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Lipopolysaccharides / pharmacology*
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MAP Kinase Signaling System / drug effects
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Macrophages / drug effects
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Macrophages / metabolism
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Mice
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism
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Monoterpenes / pharmacology
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NF-kappa B / antagonists & inhibitors
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NF-kappa B / metabolism
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Nitric Oxide / metabolism
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Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / metabolism
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Oils, Volatile / pharmacology*
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Plant Oils / pharmacology
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Signal Transduction / drug effects*
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Terpenes / pharmacology
Substances
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
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Cyclohexane Monoterpenes
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Cyclohexenes
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Cytokines
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Lipopolysaccharides
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Monoterpenes
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NF-kappa B
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Oils, Volatile
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Plant Oils
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Terpenes
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Nitric Oxide
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gamma-terpinene
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Limonene
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Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
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Nos2 protein, mouse
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JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Dinoprostone