Abstract
The toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are systems in which an unstable antitoxin inhibits a stable toxin. This review aims to introduce the TA system and its biological application in bacteria. For this purpose, first we introduce a new classification for the TA systems based on how the antitoxin can neutralize the toxin, we then describe the functions of TA systems and finally review the application of these systems in biotechnology.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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Antitoxins / biosynthesis
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Antitoxins / genetics*
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Bacterial Proteins / genetics
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Bacterial Proteins / metabolism
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Bacterial Secretion Systems / genetics
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Bacterial Secretion Systems / metabolism
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Bacterial Toxins / antagonists & inhibitors
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Bacterial Toxins / biosynthesis
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Bacterial Toxins / genetics*
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Biotechnology / methods*
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Enterococcus faecalis / genetics
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Enterococcus faecalis / metabolism
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Escherichia coli / genetics
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Escherichia coli / metabolism
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Gene Expression
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Humans
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Lacticaseibacillus casei / genetics
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Lacticaseibacillus casei / metabolism
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Listeria monocytogenes / genetics
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Listeria monocytogenes / metabolism
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus / genetics
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus / metabolism
Substances
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Antitoxins
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Bacterial Proteins
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Bacterial Secretion Systems
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Bacterial Toxins