Prospective investigation of autism and genotype-phenotype correlations in 22q13 deletion syndrome and SHANK3 deficiency

Abstract

Background: 22q13 deletion syndrome, also known as Phelan-McDermid syndrome, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, hypotonia, delayed or absent speech, and autistic features. SHANK3 has been identified as the critical gene in the neurological and behavioral aspects of this syndrome. The phenotype of SHANK3 deficiency has been described primarily from case studies, with limited evaluation of behavioral and cognitive deficits. The present study used a prospective design and inter-disciplinary clinical evaluations to assess patients with SHANK3 deficiency, with the goal of providing a comprehensive picture of the medical and behavioral profile of the syndrome.

Methods: A serially ascertained sample of patients with SHANK3 deficiency (n = 32) was evaluated by a team of child psychiatrists, neurologists, clinical geneticists, molecular geneticists and psychologists. Patients were evaluated for autism spectrum disorder using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-G.

Results: Thirty participants with 22q13.3 deletions ranging in size from 101 kb to 8.45 Mb and two participants with de novo SHANK3 mutations were included. The sample was characterized by high rates of autism spectrum disorder: 27 (84%) met criteria for autism spectrum disorder and 24 (75%) for autistic disorder. Most patients (77%) exhibited severe to profound intellectual disability and only five (19%) used some words spontaneously to communicate. Dysmorphic features, hypotonia, gait disturbance, recurring upper respiratory tract infections, gastroesophageal reflux and seizures were also common. Analysis of genotype-phenotype correlations indicated that larger deletions were associated with increased levels of dysmorphic features, medical comorbidities and social communication impairments related to autism. Analyses of individuals with small deletions or point mutations identified features related to SHANK3 haploinsufficiency, including ASD, seizures and abnormal EEG, hypotonia, sleep disturbances, abnormal brain MRI, gastroesophageal reflux, and certain dysmorphic features.

Conclusions: This study supports findings from previous research on the severity of intellectual, motor, and speech impairments seen in SHANK3 deficiency, and highlights the prominence of autism spectrum disorder in the syndrome. Limitations of existing evaluation tools are discussed, along with the need for natural history studies to inform clinical monitoring and treatment development in SHANK3 deficiency.

Figure 1

Deletion sizes at 22q13.2-11q13.3 in 32 patients. Genes are indicated across the top in green, the red triangles represent MLPA probes. The two patients with SHANK3 mutations are shown in red and the patient with an interstitial deletion is shown in pink. Genomic coordinates correspond to the hg19 genome assembly (Build 37).

Figure 2

Mean scores on Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised. (A) ADI-R domains and (B) subdomains and repetitive behaviors factors (n = 29). Data represent mean ± standard deviation. Cutoff scores for domains are as follows: Social = 10, Communication (nonverbal) = 7, Repetitive behaviors and restricted interests = 3. ADI, Autism Diagnostic Interview.

Figure 3

Motor functioning based on Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (n = 32) represented by V scores. Population mean (15) and standard deviation (3) are represented by solid and dashed lines, respectively.

Figure 4

Language functioning based on Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (n = 32) represented by V scores. Population mean (15) and standard deviation (3) are represented by solid and dashed lines, respectively.