Expeditious approach to pyrrolophenanthridones, phenanthridines, and benzo[c]phenanthridines via organocatalytic direct biaryl-coupling promoted by potassium tert-butoxide

J Org Chem. 2013 Aug 16;78(16):7823-44. doi: 10.1021/jo400890k. Epub 2013 Aug 8.

Abstract

A methodology involving a "transition metal-free" intramolecular biaryl-coupling of o-halo-N-arylbenzylamines has been developed in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide and an organic molecule as catalyst. The reaction appears to proceed through KO(t)Bu-promoted intramolecular homolytic aromatic substitution (HAS). Interestingly, this biaryl coupling also works in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide as sole promoter. On extending our approach further, we found that N-acyl 2-bromo-N-arylbenzylamines undergo a one-pot N-deprotection/biaryl coupling followed by oxidation, thus offering an expeditious route to the phenanthridine and benzo[c]phenanthridine skeletons. The strategy has been applied to a concise synthesis of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids viz. oxoassoanine (1b), anhydrolycorinone (1d), 5,6-dihydrobicolorine (2d), trispheridine (2b), and benzo[c]phenanthridines alkaloids dihydronitidine (3b), dihydrochelerythidine (3d), dihydroavicine (3f), nornitidine (3h), and norchelerythrine (3j).

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Benzophenanthridines / chemical synthesis*
  • Benzophenanthridines / chemistry
  • Butanols / chemistry*
  • Catalysis
  • Molecular Structure
  • Phenanthridines / chemical synthesis*
  • Phenanthridines / chemistry
  • Pyrroles / chemical synthesis*
  • Pyrroles / chemistry

Substances

  • Benzophenanthridines
  • Butanols
  • Phenanthridines
  • Pyrroles
  • tert-butoxide, potassium