Anti-androgen receptor ASC-J9 versus anti-androgens MDV3100 (Enzalutamide) or Casodex (Bicalutamide) leads to opposite effects on prostate cancer metastasis via differential modulation of macrophage infiltration and STAT3-CCL2 signaling

Cell Death Dis. 2013 Aug 8;4(8):e764. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2013.270.

Abstract

Despite androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) suppression of prostate cancer (PCa) growth, its overall effects on PCa metastasis remain unclear. Using human (C4-2B/THP1) and mouse (TRAMP-C1/RAW264.7) PCa cells-macrophages co-culture systems, we found currently used anti-androgens, MDV3100 (enzalutamide) or Casodex (bicalutamide), promoted macrophage migration to PCa cells that consequently led to enhanced PCa cell invasion. In contrast, the AR degradation enhancer, ASC-J9, suppressed both macrophage migration and subsequent PCa cell invasion. Mechanism dissection showed that Casodex/MDV3100 reduced the AR-mediated PIAS3 expression and enhanced the pSTAT3-CCL2 pathway. Addition of CCR2 antagonist reversed the Casodex/MDV3100-induced macrophage migration and PCa cell invasion. In contrast, ASC-J9 could regulate pSTAT3-CCL2 signaling using two pathways: an AR-dependent pathway via inhibiting PIAS3 expression and an AR-independent pathway via direct inhibition of the STAT3 phosphorylation/activation. These findings were confirmed in the in vivo mouse model with orthotopically injected TRAMP-C1 cells. Together, these results may raise the potential concern about the currently used ADT with anti-androgens that promotes PCa metastasis and may provide some new and better therapeutic strategies using ASC-J9 alone or a combinational therapy that simultaneously targets androgens/AR signaling and PIAS3-pSTAT3-CCL2 signaling to better battle PCa growth and metastasis at castration-resistant stage.

Publication types

  • Comparative Study
  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Androgen Antagonists / pharmacology*
  • Androgen Receptor Antagonists / pharmacology*
  • Anilides / pharmacology*
  • Animals
  • Antineoplastic Agents / pharmacology*
  • Benzamides
  • Cell Movement / drug effects
  • Chemokine CCL3 / metabolism
  • Chemokine CCL3 / physiology*
  • Coculture Techniques
  • Curcumin / analogs & derivatives*
  • Curcumin / pharmacology
  • Humans
  • Macrophages / drug effects
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Neoplasm Metastasis / pathology
  • Nitriles / pharmacology*
  • Phenylthiohydantoin / analogs & derivatives*
  • Phenylthiohydantoin / pharmacology
  • Prostatic Neoplasms / drug therapy
  • Prostatic Neoplasms / pathology*
  • STAT3 Transcription Factor / metabolism
  • STAT3 Transcription Factor / physiology*
  • Signal Transduction / drug effects
  • Tosyl Compounds / pharmacology*

Substances

  • 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one
  • Androgen Antagonists
  • Androgen Receptor Antagonists
  • Anilides
  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Benzamides
  • CCL3 protein, human
  • Chemokine CCL3
  • Nitriles
  • STAT3 Transcription Factor
  • Tosyl Compounds
  • Phenylthiohydantoin
  • enzalutamide
  • bicalutamide
  • Curcumin