In vivo activity of norhydrocodone: an active metabolite of hydrocodone

Abstract

Hydrocodone is primarily metabolized to hydromorphone and norhydrocodone. Although hydromorphone is a known active metabolite of hydrocodone, the in vivo activity of norhydrocodone is not well documented. In the current study, the pharmacodynamics of norhydrocodone were evaluated and compared with hydrocodone and hydromorphone. Binding studies established that norhydrocodone, similar to hydrocodone and hydromorphone, is a μ-selective opioid ligand. In vivo analgesia studies (tail flick) demonstrated that, following subcutaneous, intrathecal, and intracerebroventricular administration, norhydrocodone produced analgesia. Following subcutaneous administration, norhydrocodone was ∼70-fold less potent, and hydromorphone was ∼5.4-fold more potent than hydrocodone in producing analgesia. Following intrathecal administration, norhydrocodone produced a shallow analgesia dose-response curve and maximal effect of 15-45%, whereas hydrocodone and hydromorphone produced dose-dependent analgesia. Intrathecal hydromorphone was ∼174-fold more potent than intrathecal hydrocodone. Following intracerebroventricular administration, norhydrocodone had similar potency to hydrocodone in producing analgesia, while hydromorphone was ∼96-fold more potent than hydrocodone. Analgesia induced by the three drugs following subcutaneous, intrathecal, and intracerebroventricular administration was antagonized by subcutaneous naltrexone, confirming that it is opioid receptor-mediated. Subcutaneous norhydrocodone-induced analgesia was completely blocked by intracerebroventricular naltrexone, indicating that norhydrocodone-induced analgesia is likely a supraspinal effect. Seizure activity was observed following intrathecal administration of all three drugs. Norhydrocodone and hydromorphone were ∼3.7 to 4.6-fold more potent than hydrocodone in inducing seizure activity. Naltrexone did not antagonize opioid-induced seizure activity, suggesting that seizures were not opioid receptor-mediated. Taken together, norhydrocodone is an active metabolite of hydrocodone and may contribute to therapeutic and toxic effects following hydrocodone administration.