Targeting gastrin-releasing peptide suppresses neuroblastoma progression via upregulation of PTEN signaling

PLoS One. 2013 Sep 9;8(9):e72570. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072570. eCollection 2013.

Abstract

We have previously demonstrated the role of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) as an autocrine growth factor for neuroblastoma. Here, we report that GRP silencing regulates cell signaling involved in the invasion-metastasis cascade. Using a doxycycline inducible system, we demonstrate that GRP silencing decreased anchorage-independent growth, inhibited migration and neuroblastoma cell-mediated angiogenesis in vitro, and suppressed metastasis in vivo. Targeted inhibition of GRP decreased the mRNA levels of oncogenes responsible for neuroblastoma progression. We also identified PTEN/AKT signaling as a key mediator of the tumorigenic properties of GRP in neuroblastoma cells. Interestingly, PTEN overexpression decreased GRP-mediated migration and angiogenesis; a novel role for this, otherwise, understated tumor suppressor in neuroblastoma. Furthermore, activation of AKT (pAKT) positively correlated with neuroblastoma progression in an in vivo tumor-metastasis model. PTEN expression was slightly decreased in metastatic lesions. A similar phenomenon was observed in human neuroblastoma sections, where, early-stage localized tumors had a higher PTEN expression relative to pAKT; however, an inverse expression pattern was observed in liver lesions. Taken together, our results argue for a dual purpose of targeting GRP in neuroblastoma--1) decreasing expression of critical oncogenes involved in tumor progression, and 2) enhancing activation of tumor suppressor genes to treat aggressive, advanced-stage disease.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Cell Adhesion
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cell Movement
  • Disease Progression
  • Enzyme Activation
  • Gastrin-Releasing Peptide / genetics*
  • Gastrin-Releasing Peptide / metabolism
  • Gene Knockdown Techniques
  • Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / physiology
  • Humans
  • Liver Neoplasms / metabolism*
  • Liver Neoplasms / secondary
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Mice, Nude
  • Neoplasm Transplantation
  • Neovascularization, Pathologic / metabolism
  • Neuroblastoma / metabolism*
  • Neuroblastoma / pathology
  • PTEN Phosphohydrolase / metabolism*
  • Phenotype
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / metabolism
  • RNA Interference
  • RNA, Small Interfering / genetics
  • Signal Transduction

Substances

  • RNA, Small Interfering
  • Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
  • PTEN Phosphohydrolase
  • PTEN protein, human