Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for surveying marine fauna: a dugong case study

PLoS One. 2013 Nov 4;8(11):e79556. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079556. eCollection 2013.

Abstract

Aerial surveys of marine mammals are routinely conducted to assess and monitor species' habitat use and population status. In Australia, dugongs (Dugong dugon) are regularly surveyed and long-term datasets have formed the basis for defining habitat of high conservation value and risk assessments of human impacts. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) may facilitate more accurate, human-risk free, and cheaper aerial surveys. We undertook the first Australian UAV survey trial in Shark Bay, western Australia. We conducted seven flights of the ScanEagle UAV, mounted with a digital SLR camera payload. During each flight, ten transects covering a 1.3 km(2) area frequently used by dugongs, were flown at 500, 750 and 1000 ft. Image (photograph) capture was controlled via the Ground Control Station and the capture rate was scheduled to achieve a prescribed 10% overlap between images along transect lines. Images were manually reviewed post hoc for animals and scored according to sun glitter, Beaufort Sea state and turbidity. We captured 6243 images, 627 containing dugongs. We also identified whales, dolphins, turtles and a range of other fauna. Of all possible dugong sightings, 95% (CI = 90%, 98%) were subjectively classed as 'certain' (unmistakably dugongs). Neither our dugong sighting rate, nor our ability to identify dugongs with certainty, were affected by UAV altitude. Turbidity was the only environmental variable significantly affecting the dugong sighting rate. Our results suggest that UAV systems may not be limited by sea state conditions in the same manner as sightings from manned surveys. The overlap between images proved valuable for detecting animals that were masked by sun glitter in the corners of images, and identifying animals initially captured at awkward body angles. This initial trial of a basic camera system has successfully demonstrated that the ScanEagle UAV has great potential as a tool for marine mammal aerial surveys.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Aircraft / instrumentation*
  • Animals
  • Aquatic Organisms*
  • Dugong*
  • Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
  • Robotics / instrumentation*
  • Sunlight

Grants and funding

AH was supported by a Bill Dawbin Postdoctoral Research Fellowship from the Australian Marine Mammal Centre (AMMC, www.marinemammals.gov.au). The funding for the field research was contributed by AMMC and Woodside Energy Ltd. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.