Humpback whale song on the Southern Ocean feeding grounds: implications for cultural transmission

PLoS One. 2013 Nov 20;8(11):e79422. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079422. eCollection 2013.

Abstract

Male humpback whales produce a long, complex, and stereotyped song on low-latitude breeding grounds; they also sing while migrating to and from these locations, and occasionally in high-latitude summer feeding areas. All males in a population sing the current version of the constantly evolving display and, within an ocean basin, populations sing similar songs; however, this sharing can be complex. In the western and central South Pacific region there is repeated cultural transmission of song types from eastern Australia to other populations eastward. Song sharing is hypothesized to occur through several possible mechanisms. Here, we present the first example of feeding ground song from the Southern Ocean Antarctic Area V and compare it to song from the two closest breeding populations. The early 2010 song contained at least four distinct themes; these matched four themes from the eastern Australian 2009 song, and the same four themes from the New Caledonian 2010 song recorded later in the year. This provides evidence for at least one of the hypothesized mechanisms of song transmission between these two populations, singing while on shared summer feeding grounds. In addition, the feeding grounds may provide a point of acoustic contact to allow the rapid horizontal cultural transmission of song within the western and central South Pacific region and the wider Southern Ocean.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Australia
  • Humpback Whale / physiology*
  • Male
  • Oceans and Seas
  • Seasons
  • Sound Spectrography
  • Vocalization, Animal / physiology*

Grants and funding

The Antarctic Whale Expedition cruise described in the manuscript was jointly funded by the Australian and New Zealand governments. At the time of the cruise, both Nick Gales and Jason Gedamke were employees of the Australian Government, and along with the other authors, were responsible for study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, and preparation of this manuscript. The recording of eastern Australian song was incidental to behavioural response studies being conducted on humpback whales. These studies were funded by the Australian Government (2009) and the E&P Sound and Marine Life Joint Industry Program and the US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (2010). Song collection in New Caledonia was made possible by contributions from Fondation d’Entreprise Total and the Provinces Sud. ECG was supported by a National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship. These funding bodies had no role in the design of the current study, nor the decision to publish.