Impact of facial fractures and intracranial injuries on hospitalization outcomes following firearm injuries

Abstract

Importance: Firearm injuries (FAIs) play a major role in unintentional injuries, suicides, and homicides. It is important that policy makers, public health authorities, physicians, and the public are kept abreast of current trends in FAIs so that preventive programs can be tailored to the needs of cohorts that are at highest risk for such injuries.

Objectives: To provide nationally representative longitudinal estimates of outcomes associated with hospitalizations attributed to FAIs in all age groups in the United States during the years 2003 to 2010; to obtain prevalence estimates of skull and/or facial fractures and intracranial injuries among those hospitalized owing to firearm injuries; and to examine the association between the occurrence of skull and/or facial fractures and/or intracranial injuries and in-hospital mortality.

Design, setting, and participants: In this retrospective analysis of the largest all-payer hospitalization data set in the United States, we evaluate a Nationwide Inpatient Sample of patients hospitalized for FAIs during the years 2003 to 2010.

Exposures: Face and/or skull fracture and/or intracranial injuries due to firearm injuries.

Main outcomes and measures: The main outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. The primary independent variables included occurrence of face and/or skull fracture and/or intracranial injuries. RESULTS During the study period, 252,181 visits were attributed to FAIs. Adolescents and young adults accounted for nearly 80% of all hospitalizations, with more than half of these in the 18- to 29-year-old, high-risk group. Male patients consistently accounted for 89% of the hospitalizations. The uninsured population accounted for nearly a third of hospitalizations. A total of 214,221 FAI hospitalizations did not involve facial and/or skull fractures or intracranial injuries; 13,090 involved a facial and/or skull fracture without a concomitant intracranial injury; 20,453 involved an intracranial injury without a concomitant facial and/or skull fracture; and 4417 involved both a facial and/or skull fracture and intracranial injury. Those with intracranial injuries without concomitant facial and/or skull fractures (odds ratio [OR], 58.40; 95% CI, 50.08-68.11) (P < .001) and those with both facial and/or skull fractures and intracranial injuries (OR, 17.45; 95% CI, 13.98-21.79) (P < .001) were associated with higher odds of in-hospital mortality than those without these injuries. Teaching hospitals were associated with higher odds of in-hospital mortality than nonteaching hospitals (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.14-1.49) (P < .001). Teaching hospitals also tended to treat a higher proportion of complex cases. The uninsured had higher odds of in-hospital mortality than those with private insurance (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.35-1.78).

Conclusions: AND RELEVANCE Occurrence of intracranial injuries was an independent risk factor for poor outcomes. Teaching hospitals had higher mortality rates but also treated more complex cases than nonteaching hospitals.