The single-bout forearm critical force test: a new method to establish forearm aerobic metabolic exercise intensity and capacity

PLoS One. 2014 Apr 3;9(4):e93481. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093481. eCollection 2014.

Abstract

No non-invasive test exists for forearm exercise that allows identification of power-time relationship parameters (W', critical power) and thereby identification of the heavy-severe exercise intensity boundary and scaling of aerobic metabolic exercise intensity. The aim of this study was to develop a maximal effort handgrip exercise test to estimate forearm critical force (fCF; force analog of power) and establish its repeatability and validity. Ten healthy males (20-43 years) completed two maximal effort rhythmic handgrip exercise tests (repeated maximal voluntary contractions (MVC); 1 s contraction-2 s relaxation for 600 s) on separate days. Exercise intensity was quantified via peak contraction force and contraction impulse. There was no systematic difference between test 1 and 2 for fCF(peak) force (p = 0.11) or fCF(impulse) (p = 0.76). Typical error was small for both fCF(peak force) (15.3 N, 5.5%) and fCF(impulse) (15.7 N ⋅ s, 6.8%), and test re-test correlations were strong (fCF(peak force), r = 0.91, ICC = 0.94, p<0.01; fCF(impulse), r = 0.92, ICC = 0.95, p<0.01). Seven of ten subjects also completed time-to-exhaustion tests (TTE) at target contraction force equal to 10%<fCF(peak force) and 10%>fCF(peak force). TTE predicted by W' showed good agreement with actual TTE during the TTE tests (r = 0.97, ICC = 0.97, P<0.01; typical error 0.98 min, 12%; regression fit slope = 0.99 and y intercept not different from 0, p = 0.31). MVC did not predict fCF(peak force) (p = 0.37), fCF(impulse) (p = 0.49) or W' (p = 0.15). In conclusion, the poor relationship between MVC and fCF or W' illustrates the serious limitation of MVC in identifying metabolism-based exercise intensity zones. The maximal effort handgrip exercise test provides repeatable and valid estimates of fCF and should be used to normalize forearm aerobic metabolic exercise intensity instead of MVC.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Biochemical Phenomena / physiology
  • Exercise / physiology*
  • Exercise Test / methods
  • Fatigue / physiopathology
  • Forearm / physiology*
  • Hand Strength / physiology*
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Oxygen Consumption / physiology

Grants and funding

M.E. Tschakovsky was funded by Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant 250367- 06, Canada Foundation for Innovation and Ontario Innovation Trust Infrastructure Grants, Queen’s University Chancellor’s Research Award. J. Mikhail Kellawan was funded by the Ontario Graduate Scholarship, the Ontario Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology, and the R.S. McLaughlin Fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.