Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase: key kinase for stem cell phenotype in glioma and other cancers

Abstract

Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is a member of the snf1/AMPK family of protein serine/threonine kinases that has recently gained significant attention in the stem cell and cancer biology field. Recent studies suggest that activation of this kinase is tightly associated with extended survival and accelerated proliferation of cancer stem cells (CSC) in various organs. Overexpression of MELK has been noted in various cancers, including colon, breast, ovaries, pancreas, prostate, and brain, making the inhibition of MELK an attractive therapeutic strategy for a variety of cancers. In the experimental cancer models, depletion of MELK by RNA interference or small molecule inhibitors induces apoptotic cell death of CSCs derived from glioblastoma multiforme and breast cancer, both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanism of action of MELK includes, yet may not be restricted to, direct binding and activation of the oncogenic transcription factors c-JUN and FOXM1 in cancer cells but not in the normal counterparts. Following these preclinical studies, the phase I clinical trial for advanced cancers with OTSSP167 started in 2013, as the first-in-class MELK inhibitor. This review summarizes the current molecular understanding of MELK and the recent preclinical studies about MELK as a cancer therapeutic target.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of current targets for inhibition of Melk protein synthesis and kinase activity (Red markers indicate location of inhibition. Green markers indicate facilitation.) shRNA and siRNA inhibit Melk mRNA from being translated into protein. Siomycin A inhibits Melk kinase activity as well as Melk-FOXM1 activity. C1 and OTSSP167 inhibit Melk kinase activity. SP600125 inhibits Melk-CJUN activity.