The Association between Obesity and Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies from 1985 to 2011

Abstract

Background. Cancer and cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to synthesize the evidence evaluating the association between obesity and 13 cancers shown previously to be significantly associated with obesity. Methods. Relevant papers from a previously conducted review were included in this paper. In addition, database searches of Medline and Embase identified studies published from the date of the search conducted for the previous review (January, 2007) until May, 2011. The reference lists of relevant studies and systematic reviews were screened to identify additional studies. Relevance assessment, quality assessment, and data extraction for each study were conducted by two reviewers independently. Meta-analysis was performed for men and women separately using DerSimonian and Laird's random effects model. Results. A total of 98 studies conducted in 18 countries from 1985 to 2011 were included. Data extraction was completed on the 57 studies judged to be of strong and moderate methodological quality. Results illustrated that obese men were at higher risk for developing colon (Risk Ratio (RR), 1.57), renal (1.57), gallbladder (1.47), pancreatic (1.36), and malignant melanoma cancers (1.26). Obese women were at higher risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma (2.04), endometrial (1.85), gallbladder (1.82), renal (1.72), pancreatic (1.34), leukemia (1.32), postmenopausal breast (1.25), and colon cancers (1.19). Conclusions. The results of this meta-analysis illustrate a significant, positive, and, for some cancers, strong association between obesity and cancer incidence. Given that approximately 23% of Canadians are obese, a significant proportion of cancer in Canada could be avoided if obesity was eliminated or significantly reduced.

Figure 1

Overview of review process.

Figure 2

(a) Obesity and colon cancer in men. (b) Obesity and colon cancer in women.

Figure 3

Obesity and endometrial cancer.

Figure 4

(a) Obesity and esophageal adenocarcinoma in men. (b) Obesity and esophageal adenocarcinoma in women.

Figure 5

(a) Obesity and gallbladder cancer in men. (b) Obesity and gallbladder cancer in women.

Figure 6

(a) Obesity and leukemia in men. (b) Obesity and leukemia in women.

Figure 7

(a) Obesity and malignant melanoma in men. (b) Obesity and malignant melanoma in women.

Figure 8

(a) Obesity and multiple myeloma in men. (b) Obesity and multiple myeloma in women.

Figure 9

(a) Obesity and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in men. (b) Obesity and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in women.

Figure 10

(a) Obesity and pancreatic cancer in men. (b) Obesity and pancreatic cancer in women.

Figure 11

Obesity and postmenopausal breast cancer.

Figure 12

(a) Obesity and rectal cancer in men. (b) Obesity and rectal cancer in women.

Figure 13

(a) Obesity and renal cancer in men. (b) Obesity and renal cancer in women.

Figure 14

(a) Obesity and thyroid cancer in men. (b) Obesity and thyroid cancer in women.