Has the incidence of thoracolumbar spine injuries increased in the United States from 1998 to 2011?

Abstract

Background: While most motor vehicle crash (MVC)-related injuries have been decreasing, one study showed increases in MVC-related spinal fractures from 1994 to 2002 in Wisconsin. To our knowledge, no studies evaluating nationwide trends of MVC-related thoracolumbar spine injuries have been published. Such fractures can cause pain, loss of functionality or even death. If the incidence of such injuries is increasing, it may provide a motive for reassessment of current vehicle safety design.

Questions/purposes: We questioned whether the incidence of thoracolumbar spine injuries increased in the United States population with time (between 1998 and 2011), and if there was an increased incidence of thoracolumbar injuries, whether there were identifiable compensatory "trade-off injury" patterns, such as reductions in sacropelvic injuries.

Patients and methods: Institutional review board approval was obtained for retrospective review of three national databases: the National Trauma Databank® (NTDB®), 2002-2006, National Automotive Sampling System (NASS), 2000-2011, and National Inpatient Sample (NIS), 1998-2007. In each database, the total number of MVC-related injuries and the number of MVC-related thoracolumbar injuries per year were identified using appropriate Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) or ICD-9 codes. Sacropelvic injuries also were identified to evaluate their potential as trade-off injuries. Poisson regression models adjusting for age were used to analyze trends in the data with time.

Results: All databases showed increases in MVC-related thoracolumbar spine injuries when adjusting for age with time. These age-adjusted relative annual percent increases ranged from 8.22% (95% CI, 5.77%-10.72%; p<0.001) using AIS of 2 or more (AIS2 +) injury codes in the NTDB®, 8.59% (95% CI, 5.88%-11.37%; p<0.001) using ICD-9 codes in the NTDB®, 8.12% (95% CI, 7.20%-9.06%; p<0.001) using ICD-9 codes in the NIS, and 8.10 % (95% CI 5.00%-11.28%; p<0.001) using AIS2+ injury codes in the NASS. As these thoracolumbar injuries have increased, there has been no consistent trend toward a compensatory reduction in terms of sacropelvic injuries.

Conclusions: While other studies have shown that rates of many MVC-related injuries are declining with time, our data show increases in the incidence of thoracolumbar injury. Although more sensitive screening tools likely have resulted in earlier and increased recognition of these injuries, it cannot be stated for certain that this is the only driver of the increased incidence observed in this study. As seatbelt use has continued to increase, this trend may be the result of thoracolumbar injuries as trade-offs for other injuries, although in our study we did not see a compensatory decrease in sacropelvic injuries. Investigation evaluating the root of this pattern is warranted.

Fig. 1A–B

These illustrations show the relative percent MVC-related injuries comprised of thoracolumbar injuries by year, stratified by age group in the NTDB^®, by (A) AIS 2+ codes and (B) ICD-9 codes. MVC = motor vehicle crash; NTDB^® = National Trauma Databank^®; AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale; TL = thoracolumbar.

Fig. 2

The relative percent of all AIS 2+ MVC-related injuries comprised of thoracolumbar injuries by year in the NASS-CDS, stratified by age group, is shown. Weighted data are reported. TL = thoracolumbar; MVC = motor vehicle crash; NIS = National Inpatient Sample.

Fig. 3

The relative percent of all ICD-9 MVC-related injuries comprised of thoracolumbar injuries by year in the NIS, stratified by age group, is shown. Discharge-weighted data are reported. TL = thoracolumbar; MVC = motor vehicle crash; NASS-CDS = National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System; AIS2+ = Abbreviated Injury Scale of 2 or more.