Simvastatin increases liver branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase activity in rats fed with low protein diet

Abstract

The rate-limiting step in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) disposal is catalyzed by the mitochondrial branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDH). BCKDH activity is regulated mainly by a reversible dephosphorylation (activation)/phosphorylation (inactivation) cycle catalyzed by a specific phosphatase (BDP) and kinase (BDK). Current catalytic activity of BCKDH, described as BCKDH activity state, and thus also BCAAs catabolic rate depend directly on the portion of BCKDH occurring in its active dephosphorylated form. Liver BCKDH activity state alters in response to different nutritional factors. Feeding rats a low-protein diet decreases BCKDH activity. It has been previously shown that lipid lowering drugs, fibrates upregulate liver BCKDH activity and stimulate BCAAs catabolism, especially under the condition of dietary protein deprivation. Effect of statins on liver BCKDH activity has not been studied yet. The present study was aimed at investigating the in vivo effect of simvastatin on liver BCKDH activity, as well as E1, E2 and BDP and BDK mRNA levels in rats fed with either a standard (23% protein) or a low protein (8% protein) diet. For 14 days, simvastatin (80 mg/kg b wt/day) or the vehicle (0.3% methylcellulose) were administrated orally by gavage to the treated and control groups, respectively. The actual BCKDH and total BCKDH activities were assayed spectrophotometrically prior to and following incubation with lambda phosphatase, respectively. The mRNA levels of the selected genes were quantified by means of a semi-quantitative RT-PCR. In rats fed with the low protein diet simvastatin administration reversed physiological adaptation of liver BCKDH to protein restriction and increased liver BCKDH activity state by 39% (p<0.05). Changes in BCKDH activity did not correspond to any changes in mRNA levels for BCKDH catalytic and regulatory enzymes. On the contrary, in rats fed with standard diet liver BCKDH activity state did not alter substantially in response to simvastatin administration. In conclusion, the obtained results indicate that simvastatin stimulates liver BCKDH activity and BCAAs degradation in rats fed with the low protein diet, whereas it exerts no effect on BCKDH in rats fed with the standard diet. Stimulation of liver BCKDH activity can be attributed to altered phosphorylation status of the complex (increased dephosphorylation), and it is not associated with changes in mRNA levels for complex enzymes. It is conceivable that in protein malnourished rats simvastatin effect on liver BCKDH activity and BCAAs metabolism can contribute to the myotoxicity observed during treatment with this agent.

Keywords: Branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH); Leucine; Simvastatin.