In anuran amphibians, larval red blood cells (RBCs) are replaced by adult-type RBCs during metamorphosis. We previously showed that tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand 1 (TRAIL1) induces apoptosis in larval-, but not adult-type RBCs in Xenopus laevis. We also found that protein kinase C (PKC) activation is involved in establishing resistance to TRAIL1-induced apoptosis in adult-type RBCs. Here, we investigated whether erythropoietin (EPO), which induces PKC activation in mammalian erythroblasts, is involved in the RBC transition in X. laevis. RT-PCR analysis revealed that epo mRNA was upregulated in the lung, from the metamorphic climax (stage 60) onward. In an RBC culture system, EPO pretreatment significantly attenuated the TRAIL1-induced death of larval- and adult-type RBCs isolated from tadpoles and adults, probably due partly to PKC activation. In samples from froglets undergoing RBC transition, which included both larval- and adult-type RBCs, EPO exhibited a stronger protective effect on the adult-type than the larval-type RBCs. Newly differentiated RBCs isolated from tadpoles treated with a hemolytic reagent were more resistant to TRAIL1-induced cell death than non-treated controls. These results suggest that EPO functions to protect adult-type RBCs from TRAIL1-induced cell death during RBC transition, and that the protective effect might decrease as RBCs age.