Effects of high-protein vs. high- fat snacks on appetite control, satiety, and eating initiation in healthy women

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a high-protein afternoon yogurt snack improves appetite control, satiety, and reduces subsequent food intake compared to other commonly-consumed, energy dense, high-fat snacks.

Findings: Twenty, healthy women (age: 27 ± 2 y; BMI: 23.4 ± 0.7 kg/m2) completed the randomized crossover design study which included 3, 8-h testing days comparing the following 160 kcal afternoon snacks: high-protein yogurt (14 g protein/25 g CHO/0 g fat); high-fat crackers (0 g protein/19 g CHO/9 g fat); and high-fat chocolate (2 g protein/19 g CHO/9 g fat). Participants were acclimated to each snack for 3 consecutive days. On day 4, the participants consumed a standardized breakfast and lunch; the respective snack was consumed 3-h post-lunch. Perceived hunger and fullness were assessed throughout the afternoon until dinner was voluntarily requested. An ad libitum dinner was then provided. The consumption of the yogurt snack led to greater reductions in afternoon hunger vs. chocolate (p < 0.01). No differences in afternoon fullness were detected. The yogurt snack also delayed eating initiation by approximately 30 min compared to the chocolate snack (p < 0.01) and approximately 20 min vs. crackers (p = 0.07). The yogurt snack led to approximately 100 fewer kcals consumed at dinner vs. the crackers (p = 0.08) and chocolate (p < 0.05). No other differences were detected.

Conclusion: These data suggest that, when compared to high-fat snacks, eating less energy dense, high-protein snacks like yogurt improves appetite control, satiety, and reduces subsequent food intake in healthy women.

Figure 1

Appetite and satiety. Perceived hunger (A) and fullness (B) assessed from the time of snack consumption (▲) until voluntary dinner request in 20 healthy women. The post-snack net incremental area under the curve (AUC) is illustrated in the bar graphs. Data are represented as means ± SEM; Different letters denotes significance p<0.05.

Figure 2

Ad libitum dinner intake following the consumption of each the afternoon snacks in 20 healthy women. Data are represented as means ± SEM; Different letters denotes significance p<0.05, except for *Yogurt vs. Chocolate, p=0.08.