The mechanism of the Pd-catalyzed formation of coumarins: a theoretical study

Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2015 Jan 14;17(2):1347-53. doi: 10.1039/c4cp03418j. Epub 2014 Nov 26.

Abstract

The mechanism of the formation of coumarins via the Pd-catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation of the C-C triple bond is elucidated computationally, in corroboration with experimental data. It is shown that the reaction follows the concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) mechanism. The typically suspected mechanisms of ambiphilic metal ligand activation (AMLA), electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS), and oxidative addition (OA) are suggested to be non-competitive, based on predicted conformations and energetics. Two forms of the Pd catalysts are used: Pd(OAc)2, and Pd(TFA)2. The predicted activation free energy barrier for the TFA-based catalyst is lower, both in the gas phase and in the CH2Cl2 solvent, in agreement with the experimental observations. Adding electron-withdrawing groups to the catalyst assists the first and rate-limiting step of the reaction, the deprotonation of the aromatic ring, as understood through charge analysis.

Publication types

  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Catalysis
  • Coumarins / chemistry*
  • Electron Transport
  • Halogenation
  • Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
  • Ligands
  • Models, Molecular*
  • Molecular Conformation
  • Palladium / chemistry*
  • Solvents / chemistry

Substances

  • Coumarins
  • Ligands
  • Solvents
  • Palladium