Thanks to their distinctive mode of action in a coordinated switch-like way, their multi-tiered signaling cascades and their involvement in cell responses to multiple internal and external stimuli, MAP kinases offer a remarkable possibility to be assembled into what we can call "MAPK transgenic circuits" to improve cell functions. Such circuit could be used to enhance cell signaling efficiency and boost cell functions for several purposes in plant biotechnology, medicine, and pharmaceutical industry.
Keywords: MAP kinase; MAP, Mitogen activated protein; MAPK transgenic circuit; MAPK, MAP kinase; MAPKK, MAPK kinase; MAPKKK, MAPKK kinase; mitogen activated protein kinase.