Three-dimensional anatomy of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) knee joint

PeerJ. 2014 Dec 23:2:e706. doi: 10.7717/peerj.706. eCollection 2014.

Abstract

The three-dimensional anatomy of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) knee (femorotibial, femorofibular, and femoropatellar) joint has scarcely been studied, and could elucidate certain mechanobiological properties of sesamoid bones. The adult ostrich is unique in that it has double patellae, while another similar ratite bird, the emu, has none. Understanding why these patellae form and what purpose they may serve is dually important for future studies on ratites as well as for understanding the mechanobiological characteristics of sesamoid bone development. For this purpose, we present a three-dimensional anatomical study of the ostrich knee joint, detailing osteology, ligaments and menisci, and myology. We have identified seven muscles which connect to the two patellae and compare our findings to past descriptions. These descriptions can be used to further study the biomechanical loading and implications of the double patella in the ostrich.

Keywords: Biomechanics; Bird; Femorotibial joint; Morphology; Paleognathae; Patella; Ratite; Sesamoid.

Grants and funding

This work was completed with funding from the Leverhulme Trust (grant no. RPG-2013-108). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.