Palladium-catalyzed direct C2-arylation of an N-heterocyclic carbene: an atom-economic route to mesoionic carbene ligands

Abstract

Blocking the C2 position of an imidazole-derived classical N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) with an aryl group is an essential strategy to establish a route to mesoionic carbenes (MICs), which coordinate to the metal via the C4 (or C5) carbon atom. An efficient catalytic route to MIC precursors by direct arylation of an NHC is reported. Treatment of 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) with an aryl iodide (RC6H4I) in the presence of 0.5 mol % of [Pd2(dba)3] (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) precatalyst affords the C2-arylated imidazolium salts {IPr(C6H4R)}I (R = H, 4-Me, 2-Me, 4-OMe, 4-COOMe) in excellent (up to 92%) yields. Treatment of {IPr(C6H5)}I with CuI and KN(SiMe3)2 exclusively affords the MIC-copper complex [(IPrPh)CuI].

Keywords: CC coupling; N-heterocyclic carbenes; heterocycles; ligand design; palladium.