The Food-Associated Ribotoxin Deoxynivalenol Modulates Inducible NO Synthase in Human Intestinal Cell Model

Abstract

The intestinal epithelium possesses active immune functions including the production of proinflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial molecules such as nitric oxide (NO). As observed with immune cells, the production of NO by the intestinal epithelium is mainly due to the expression of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS or NOS2). Epithelial immune functions could be affected by many factors including pathogenic microorganisms and food-associated toxins (bacterial and fungal). Among the various mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) is known to alter the systemic and intestinal immunity. However, little is known about the effect of DON on the production of NO by the intestinal epithelium. We studied the impact of DON on the intestinal expression of iNOS using the Caco-2 cell model. In line with its proinflammatory activity, we observed that DON dose-dependently up-regulates the expression of iNOS mRNA. Surprisingly, DON failed to increase the expression of iNOS protein. When testing the effects of DON on cytokine-mediated induction of iNOS, we found that very low concentrations of DON (ie, 1 µM) decrease the amount of iNOS protein but not of iNOS mRNA. We demonstrated that DON's effect on iNOS protein relies on its ability to activate signal pathways and to increase iNOS ubiquitinylation and degradation through the proteasome pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrate that although DON causes intestinal inflammation, it suppresses the ability of the gut epithelium to express iNOS and to produce NO, potentially explaining the increased susceptibility of animals to intestinal infection following exposure to low doses of DON.

Keywords: deoxynivalenol; iNOS; intestinal immunity; mycotoxin; nitric oxide; trichothecene.