Corneal transplantation or keratoplasty has rapidly developed over the last 10 years. Penetrating keratoplasty, a well-known operation consisting of full thickness replacement of the cornea, has remained the dominant procedure for a long time. It allows appropriate therapy of most causes of corneal blindness. However, this technique is currently evolving toward slamellar keratoplasties which selectively treat the specific affected layers: deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty replaces the diseased corneal stromal layers; endothelial keratoplasty replace the affected endothelium. This article will present these techniques, and briefly discuss their advantages.