Cobalt chloride induces necroptosis in human colon cancer HT-29 cells

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(6):2569-74. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.6.2569.

Abstract

Necroptosis, also known as "programmed necrosis", has emerged as a critical factor in a variety of pathological and physiological processes and is considered a cell type-specific tightly regulated process with mechanisms that may vary rather greatly due to the change of cell line. Here we used HT-29, a human colon cancer cell line, to establish a necroptosis model and elucidate associated mechanisms. We discovered that cobalt chloride, a reagent that could induce hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF1α) expression and therefore mimic the hypoxic microenvironment of tumor tissue in some aspects induces necroptosis in HT-29 cells when caspase activity is compromised. On the other hand, apoptosis appears to be the predominant death form when caspases are functioning normally. HT-29 cells demonstrated significantly increased RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL expression in response to cobalt chloride plus z-VAD treatment, which was accompanied by drastically increased IL1α and IL6 expression, substantiating the notion that necrosis can induce profound immune reactions. The RIPK1 kinase inhibitor necrostatin-1 and the ROS scavenger NAC each could prevent necrosis in HT-29 cells and the efficiency was enhanced by combined treatment. Thus by building up a necroptosis model in human colon cancer cells, we uncovered that mechanically RIP kinases collaborate with ROS during necrosis promoted by cobalt chloride plus z-VAD, which leads to inflammation. Necroptosis may present a new target for therapeutic intervention in cancer cells that are resistant to apoptotic cell death.

MeSH terms

  • Antimutagenic Agents / pharmacology*
  • Apoptosis / drug effects*
  • Blotting, Western
  • Cell Proliferation
  • Cobalt / pharmacology*
  • Colonic Neoplasms / drug therapy*
  • Colonic Neoplasms / metabolism
  • Colonic Neoplasms / pathology*
  • Humans
  • Microscopy, Fluorescence
  • Necrosis*
  • Protein Kinases / genetics
  • Protein Kinases / metabolism
  • RNA, Messenger / genetics
  • Reactive Oxygen Species / metabolism
  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / genetics
  • Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / metabolism
  • Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Tumor Cells, Cultured

Substances

  • Antimutagenic Agents
  • RNA, Messenger
  • Reactive Oxygen Species
  • Cobalt
  • MLKL protein, human
  • Protein Kinases
  • RIPK1 protein, human
  • RIPK3 protein, human
  • Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
  • cobaltous chloride