Diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease that may eventually lead to the development of chronic complications. In patients with type 2 diabetes, a simultaneous occurrence of liver or renal impairment is quite frequent. The presence of these diseases significantly increases the risk of hypoglycemia and in case of the renal impairment also the cardiovascular risk. At the same time, the options of antidiabetic treatment are markedly limited in particular in patients with more advanced impairment owing to the fact that numerous antidiabetic drugs are either metabolized or excreted by the liver or the kidney. In this paper, we focus on the treatment of diabetes in patients with renal or liver impairment including limitations of particular drugs and drug classes. We also briefly summarize the risks associated with renal or liver impairment with respect to antidiabetic treatment.