A comparative analysis of metacommunity types in the freshwater realm

Abstract

Most metacommunity studies have taken a direct mechanistic approach, aiming to model the effects of local and regional processes on local communities within a metacommunity. An alternative approach is to focus on emergent patterns at the metacommunity level through applying the elements of metacommunity structure (EMS; Oikos, 97, 2002, 237) analysis. The EMS approach has very rarely been applied in the context of a comparative analysis of metacommunity types of main microbial, plant, and animal groups. Furthermore, to our knowledge, no study has associated metacommunity types with their potential ecological correlates in the freshwater realm. We assembled data for 45 freshwater metacommunities, incorporating biologically highly disparate organismal groups (i.e., bacteria, algae, macrophytes, invertebrates, and fish). We first examined ecological correlates (e.g., matrix properties, beta diversity, and average characteristics of a metacommunity, including body size, trophic group, ecosystem type, life form, and dispersal mode) of the three elements of metacommunity structure (i.e., coherence, turnover, and boundary clumping). Second, based on those three elements, we determined which metacommunity types prevailed in freshwater systems and which ecological correlates best discriminated among the observed metacommunity types. We found that the three elements of metacommunity structure were not strongly related to the ecological correlates, except that turnover was positively related to beta diversity. We observed six metacommunity types. The most common were Clementsian and quasi-nested metacommunity types, whereas Random, quasi-Clementsian, Gleasonian, and quasi-Gleasonian types were less common. These six metacommunity types were best discriminated by beta diversity and the first axis of metacommunity ecological traits, ranging from metacommunities of producer organisms occurring in streams to those of large predatory organisms occurring in lakes. Our results showed that focusing on the emergent properties of multiple metacommunities provides information additional to that obtained in studies examining variation in local community structure within a metacommunity.

Keywords: Algae; invertebrates; lakes; macrophytes; metacommunity; multigroup analysis; streams.

Figure 1

Metacommunity types of the 45 datasets plotted in the space of the Z-scores of coherence and turnover. Bubble size denotes the index of boundary clumping. A black open circle in the lower right corner indicates a metacommunity that was a clear outlier because of its very low coherence Z-value and very high turnover Z-value. It was thus excluded from the comparative analysis. Hence, the remaining 44 metacommunities were used in the comparative analysis. The dashed line indicates the coherence Z-score = −1.96.

Figure 2

The six observed metacommunity types in relation to Simpson multiple site beta diversity and the PCoA axis 1.