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. 2015 Jun 10:350:h2698.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.h2698.

Benzodiazepine prescribing patterns and deaths from drug overdose among US veterans receiving opioid analgesics: case-cohort study

Tae Woo Park  1 , Richard Saitz  2 , Dara Ganoczy  3 , Mark A Ilgen  4 , Amy S B Bohnert  4
Affiliations

Benzodiazepine prescribing patterns and deaths from drug overdose among US veterans receiving opioid analgesics: case-cohort study

Tae Woo Park et al. BMJ. .

Abstract

Objective: To study the association between benzodiazepine prescribing patterns including dose, type, and dosing schedule and the risk of death from drug overdose among US veterans receiving opioid analgesics.

Design: Case-cohort study.

Setting: Veterans Health Administration (VHA), 2004-09.

Participants: US veterans, primarily male, who received opioid analgesics in 2004-09. All veterans who died from a drug overdose (n=2400) while receiving opioid analgesics and a random sample of veterans (n=420,386) who received VHA medical services and opioid analgesics.

Main outcome measure: Death from drug overdose, defined as any intentional, unintentional, or indeterminate death from poisoning caused by any drug, determined by information on cause of death from the National Death Index.

Results: During the study period 27% (n=112,069) of veterans who received opioid analgesics also received benzodiazepines. About half of the deaths from drug overdose (n=1185) occurred when veterans were concurrently prescribed benzodiazepines and opioids. Risk of death from drug overdose increased with history of benzodiazepine prescription: adjusted hazard ratios were 2.33 (95% confidence interval 2.05 to 2.64) for former prescriptions versus no prescription and 3.86 (3.49 to 4.26) for current prescriptions versus no prescription. Risk of death from drug overdose increased as daily benzodiazepine dose increased. Compared with clonazepam, temazepam was associated with a decreased risk of death from drug overdose (0.63, 0.48 to 0.82). Benzodiazepine dosing schedule was not associated with risk of death from drug overdose.

Conclusions: Among veterans receiving opioid analgesics, receipt of benzodiazepines was associated with an increased risk of death from drug overdose in a dose-response fashion.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare: financial support as specified above; RS has received consultant and annual travel fees from The BMJ as editor of the journal Evidence Based Medicine; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Figures

None
Unadjusted death rates for drug overdose by benzodiazepine prescription history and daily opioid dose. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Unadjusted overdose death rates are estimates for entire source population
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