Clopidogrel inhibits angiogenesis of gastric ulcer healing via downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2

J Formos Med Assoc. 2016 Sep;115(9):764-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.07.022. Epub 2015 Aug 24.

Abstract

Background/purpose: Although clopidogrel does not cause gastric mucosal injury, it does not prevent peptic ulcer recurrence in high-risk patients. We explored whether clopidogrel delays gastric ulcer healing via inhibiting angiogenesis and to elucidate the possible mechanisms.

Methods: Gastric ulcers were induced in Sprague Dawley rats, and ulcer healing and angiogenesis of ulcer margin were compared between clopidogrel-treated rats and controls. The expressions of the proangiogenic growth factors and their receptors including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), bFGF receptor (FGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGFR1, VEGFR2, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)A, PDGFB, PDGFR A, PDGFR B, and phosphorylated form of mitogenic activated protein kinase pathways over the ulcer margin were compared via western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to elucidate how clopidogrel inhibited growth factors-stimulated HUVEC proliferation.

Results: The ulcer sizes were significantly larger and the angiogenesis of ulcer margin was significantly diminished in the clopidogrel (2 and 10 mg/kg/d) treated groups. Ulcer induction markedly increased the expression of phosphorylated form of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK), FGFR2, VEGF, VEGFR2, and PDGFRA when compared with those of normal mucosa. Clopidogrel treatment significantly decreased pERK, FGFR2, VEGF, VEGFR2, and PDGFRA expression at the ulcer margin when compared with those of the respective control group. In vitro, clopidogrel (10(-6)M) inhibited VEGF-stimulated (20 ng/mL) HUVEC proliferation, at least, via downregulation of VEGFR2 and pERK.

Conclusion: Clopidogrel inhibits the angiogenesis of gastric ulcer healing at least partially by the inhibition of the VEGF-VEGFR2-ERK signal transduction pathway.

Keywords: angiogenesis; clopidogrel; extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK); gastric ulcer healing; vascular endothelial growth factor.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Cell Proliferation
  • Clopidogrel
  • Down-Regulation
  • Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / genetics
  • Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / metabolism
  • Gastric Mucosa / drug effects*
  • Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / drug effects
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Neovascularization, Physiologic / drug effects*
  • Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / adverse effects*
  • Rats
  • Rats, Sprague-Dawley
  • Signal Transduction / drug effects
  • Stomach Ulcer / drug therapy*
  • Ticlopidine / adverse effects
  • Ticlopidine / analogs & derivatives*
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / administration & dosage

Substances

  • Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
  • Clopidogrel
  • Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases
  • Ticlopidine