Cryptorchidism is the most common disorder in paediatric surgery in the Western world and a major risk factor for subfertility and malignancy. In 2009, German national guidelines were changed to recommend that treatment for undescended testes should be completed by the age of 1 instead of 2. However, the share of boys undergoing orchidopexy for cryptorchidism within the first year of life has only marginally increased in response to the guideline of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF). The number of orchidopexies performed in children below the age of 1 is too low both in Germany as well as internationally. The majority of primary care physicians treating children do not seem to be aware of this discrepancy between guideline recommendations and average actual age at orchidopexy. Moreover, a considerable number of cryptorchidism cases seem to be due to secondary ascent of the testis - an underappreciated condition that usually occurs at school age. Consequently, the timing of orchidopexy in primary undescended testes must be optimised. Therefore, education of parents and primary care physicians regarding the necessity of early orchidopexy and frequent testicular examinations even beyond infancy is mandatory to improve the prognosis of cryptorchidism regarding subfertility and malignancy. Further studies are needed to clarify the reasons for the large number of late orchidopexies.
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