Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2015 Oct 14;10(10):e0138352.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138352. eCollection 2015.

The Postcranial Skeleton of an Exceptionally Complete Individual of the Plated Dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A

Susannah Catherine Rose Maidment  1 , Charlotte Brassey  2 , Paul Michael Barrett  2
Affiliations

The Postcranial Skeleton of an Exceptionally Complete Individual of the Plated Dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A

Susannah Catherine Rose Maidment et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Although Stegosaurus is one of the most iconic dinosaurs, well-preserved fossils are rare and as a consequence there is still much that remains unknown about the taxon. A new, exceptionally complete individual affords the opportunity to describe the anatomy of Stegosaurus in detail for the first time in over a century, and enables additional comparisons with other stegosaurian dinosaurs. The new specimen is from the Red Canyon Ranch Quarry, near Shell Wyoming, and appears to have been so well preserved because it was buried rapidly in a pond or body of standing water immediately after death. The quarry is probably located in the middle part of the Morrison Formation, which is believed to be Tithonian in age in this area. The specimen is referable to Stegosaurus stenops based on the possession of an edentulous anterior portion of the dentary and elevated postzygapophyses on the cervical vertebrae. New information provided by the specimen concerns the morphology of the vertebrae, the iliosacral block and dermal armor. Several aspects of its morphology indicate the individual was not fully skeletally mature at the time of death, corroborating a previous histological study.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1
A, mounted skeleton in right lateral view and B, laid out with missing elements reconstructed before mounting. Images copyright The Natural History Museum.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Maps showing the location of the Red Canyon Ranch quarry in Wyoming.
The Howe and Howe-Stephens quarries are located 41 km to the WNW of the Red Canyon Ranch quarry.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Quarry map drawn during excavation of NHMUK PV R36730.
The arrow in the top right hand corner points towards north; squares are 1x1 m; numbers refer to plates in the order described below.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Geological setting of the Red Canyon Ranch quarry.
A, sedimentary log of a measured section of the Morrison Formation at Red Gulch (for location see Fig 1); B, composite sketch log of the Morrison Formation exposed at the Red Canyon Ranch quarry. NHMUK R36730 was found in fine-grained sediment laterally equivalent to the mud clast conglomerate. c, coarse; congl, conglomerate; f, fine; m, medium; vf, very fine.
Fig 5
Fig 5. Atlas.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral and D, dorsal views. Lam, lamina; mp, medial process; na, neural arch; ncs, neurocentral suture; pdp, posterodorsal process. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 6
Fig 6. Axis.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ap, anteriorly projecting process; dia, diapophysis; epi, epipophyses; ke, keel; ns, neural spine; od, odontoid process; para, parapophysis; pozyg, postzygapophysis; psf, postspinal fossa. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 7
Fig 7. Cervical vertebra three.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Bul, bulge; dia, diapophysis; epi, epipophysis; ipzs, interprezygapophyseal shelf; keel, ventral keel; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis; psf, postspinal fossa; sw, swelling. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 8
Fig 8. Cervical vertebra four.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; keel, ventral keel; para, parapophysis; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; sw, swelling. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 9
Fig 9. Cervical vertebra five.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; keel, ventral keel; lam, lamina; para, parapophysis; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis; vp, ventral process. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 10
Fig 10. Cervical vertebra six.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 11
Fig 11. Cervical vertebra seven.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 12
Fig 12. Cervical vertebra eight.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; rug, rugosity. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 13
Fig 13. Cervical vertebra nine.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pozyg, postzygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 14
Fig 14. Cervical vertebra 10.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 15
Fig 15. Cervical vertebra 11.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dep, longitudinal depression; ns, neural spine; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozgy, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 16
Fig 16. Cervical vertebra 12.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 17
Fig 17. Cervical vertebra 13.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. But, buttress; dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 18
Fig 18. Dorsal vertebra one.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pdf, posterior fossa on diapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 19
Fig 19. Dorsal vertebra two.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; foss, fossa; ipzs, intraprezygapophyseal shelf; mr, midline ridge; nc, neural canal; not, notch; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; plat, platform; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; vs, vertical sheet. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 20
Fig 20. Dorsal vertebra three.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; vs, vertical sheet. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 21
Fig 21. Dorsal vertebra four.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; foss, fossa; ncf, fossa surrounding neural canal; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; vs, vertical sheet. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 22
Fig 22. Dorsal vertebra five.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ancf, fossa surrounding neural canal on anterior surface; foss, fossa; para, parapophysis; pncf, fossa surrounding neural canal on posterior surface; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 23
Fig 23. Dorsal vertebra six.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 24
Fig 24. Dorsal vertebra seven.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 25
Fig 25. Dorsal vertebra eight.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 26
Fig 26. Dorsal vertebra nine.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 27
Fig 27. Dorsal vertebra 10.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 28
Fig 28. Dorsal vertebra 11.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 29
Fig 29. Dorsal vertebra 12.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; nc, neural canal; not, notch; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; vs, vertical sheet. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 30
Fig 30. Dorsal vertebra 13.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; not, notch; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 31
Fig 31. Iliosacral block.
Photograph (A) and interpretive line drawing (B) of right side of iliosacral block in ventral view, photographed before restoration for mounting. C, right side of iliosacral block in dorsal view. C, detail of dorsosacral rib and its attachment to preacetabular process, anteromedial oblique view. D, pelvis in right lateral view, taken from the 3D photogrammetric model (S1 Fig). Ace, acetabulum; dsr, dorsosacral rib; hlf, hypertrophied lateral flange; ip, ischiadic peduncle; ns, neural spines; pap, preacetabular process; pp, pubic peduncle; sr, sacral ribs; sv, sacral vertebrae. Scale bars equal to 10 cm.
Fig 32
Fig 32. Caudal vertebra one.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, right lateral, D, left lateral, and E, dorsal view. Ns, neural spine; pozyg, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 33
Fig 33. Caudal vertebra two.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, right lateral, D, left lateral, and E, dorsal view. Foss, fossa; ns, neural spine; pozyg, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 34
Fig 34. Caudal vertebra three.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, right lateral, D, left lateral, and E, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 35
Fig 35. Caudal vertebra 20.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Cr, caudal rib; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 36
Fig 36. Caudal vertebra 21.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Chf, chevron facet; keel, ventral keel. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 37
Fig 37. Caudal vertebra 22.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Chf, chevron facet; cr, caudal rib; ns, neural spine; pozyg, postzygapophysis; prezyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 38
Fig 38. Caudal vertebra 23.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ns, neural spine; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 39
Fig 39. Caudal vertebra 24.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Cr, caudal rib; ns, neural spine. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 40
Fig 40. Caudal vertebra 25.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 41
Fig 41. Caudal vertebra 26.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 42
Fig 42. Caudal vertebra 27.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 43
Fig 43. Caudal vertebra 28.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ns, neural spine. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 44
Fig 44. Caudal vertebra 29.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 45
Fig 45. Caudal vertebra 30.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Chf, chevron facet; ns, neural spine. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 46
Fig 46. Caudal vertebra 31.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Cr, caudal rib. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 47
Fig 47. Caudal vertebra 32.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 48
Fig 48. Caudal vertebra 33.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Pozyg, postzygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 49
Fig 49. Caudal vertebra 34.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ns, neural spine; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 50
Fig 50. Caudal vertebra 35.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 51
Fig 51. Caudal vertebra 36.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. chf, chevron facet; cr, caudal rib; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 52
Fig 52. Caudal vertebra 37.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 53
Fig 53. Caudal vertebra 39.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 54
Fig 54. Caudal vertebra 40.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Pozgy, postzygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 55
Fig 55. Caudal vertebra 41.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 56
Fig 56. Caudal vertebra 42.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 57
Fig 57. Caudal vertebra 43.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 58
Fig 58. Caudal vertebra 44.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 59
Fig 59. Caudal vertebra 45.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 60
Fig 60. Caudal vertebra 46.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 61
Fig 61. Left cervical ribs in lateral view.
A, 1; B, 2; C, 3; D, 4; E, 5; F, 6; G, 7; H, 8; I, 10; J, 11; K, 13. Cap, capitulum; tub, tuberculum. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 62
Fig 62. Right cervical ribs in lateral view.
A, 1; B, 2; C, 3; D, 4; E, 5; F, 8; G, 10; H, 11; I, 12; J, 13. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 63
Fig 63. Left dorsal ribs in lateral view.
A, 1; B, 2; C, 3; D, 4; E, 5; F, 6; G, 7; H, 8; I, 9; J, 10; K, 11; L, 12; M, 13. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 64
Fig 64. Right dorsal ribs in lateral view.
A, 1; B, 2; C, 3; D, 4; E, 5; F, 6; G, 7; H, 8; I, 9; J, 10; K, 11; L, 12; M, 13. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 65
Fig 65. Chevrons.
A-F, chevron 27 and G-L, chevron 29 in A, G, anterior; B, H, posterior; C, I, left lateral; D, J, right lateral; E, K, ventral and F, L, dorsal views. Hc, haemal canal; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 66
Fig 66. Scapula and coracoid.
A-D, left scapulocoracoid and E-H, right scapula in A, E, lateral, B, F, medial, C, G, dorsal and D, H, ventral views. Ar, acromial ridge; bl, scapula blade; cf, coracoid foramen; cor, coracoid; glf, glenoid fossa; gr, groove; pp, scapula proximal plate; ri, ridge; tric, triceps attachment. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 67
Fig 67. Right humerus.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, medial, D, lateral, E, dorsal and F, ventral views. Dpc, deltopectoral crest; hd, humeral head; lt, latissimus tubercle; sup, supinator ridge; tr, triceps ridge; tt, triceps tubercle. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 68
Fig 68. Right ulna.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, medial, D, lateral, E, dorsal and F, ventral views. Ap, anterior process; mp, medial process; op, olecranon process; rf, radial facet. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 69
Fig 69. Right radius.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, medial, D, lateral, E, dorsal and F, ventral views. Imr, intermuscular ridge. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 70
Fig 70. Ischia.
A, B, right ischium and C, D, left ischium in A, C, lateral and B, D, medial views. Am, acetabular margin; ip, iliac peduncle; pp, pubic peduncle. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 71
Fig 71. Pubis.
A, B, right pubis and C, D, left pubis in A, C, lateral and B, D, medial views. Ace, acetabular part; pop, pubic shaft; prp, prepubis. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 72
Fig 72. Femur.
A-F, left femur and G-L, right femur in A, G, anterior, B, H, posterior, C, I, medial, D, J, lateral, E, K, dorsal and F, L, ventral views. At, anterior trochanter; gt, greater trochanter; hd, head; ig, intercondylar groove. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 73
Fig 73. Tibiae and left fibula.
A-E, left tibia and fibula and F-J, left tibia in A, F, anterior, B, G, posterior, C, H, medial, D, I, lateral, E, J, dorsal views. Note that the distal end of the tibia and fibula has been rotated and flattened relative to the proximal end, so anterior view of the proximal end is lateral view of the distal end. Ast, astragalus; cc, cnemial crest; lm, lateral malleolus; lp, lateral process; mm, medial malleolus. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 74
Fig 74
Right fibula in A, anterior, B, posterior, C, lateral, D, medial, E, dorsal and F, ventral views. Scale bars equal to 10 cm.
Fig 75
Fig 75. Tarsus.
A-C, left astragalus; D-F, right astragalus, in A, D, ventral, B, E, anterior and C, F, posterior views. G-L, left calcaneum; M-R, right calcaneum, in G, M, dorsal, H, N, ventral, I, O, medial, J, P, lateral, K, Q, anterior and L, R, posterior views. Scale bars equal to 5 cm.
Fig 76
Fig 76. Left pes.
A-F, Metatarsal 2; G-L, metatarsal 3; M-R, metatarsal 4; S-X, phalanx; Y-iv, ungual phalanx in A, G, M, S, iv, anterior, B, H, N, T, iii, posterior, C, I, O, U, i, medial, D, J, P, V, ii, lateral, E, K, Q, W, Y, dorsal and F, L, R, X, Z, ventral views. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 77
Fig 77. Right pes.
A-F, Metatarsal 2; G-L, metatarsal 3; M-R, metatarsal 4 in A, G, M, anterior, B, H, N, posterior, C, I, O, medial, D, J, P, lateral, E, K, Q, dorsal and F, L, R, ventral views. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 78
Fig 78. Plates 1–4.
A, B, plate 1; C, D, plate 2; E, F, plate 3; G, H, plate 4 in A, C, E, G, left lateral and B, D, F, H, right lateral views. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 79
Fig 79. Plates 5–6.
A, B, plate 5; C, D, plate 6 in A, C, left lateral and B, D, right lateral views. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 80
Fig 80. Plates 7–9.
A, B, plate 7; C, D, plate 8; E, F, plate 9 in A, C, E, left lateral and B, D, F, right lateral views. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 81
Fig 81. Plates 10–11.
A, B, plate 10; C, D, plate 11 in A, C, left lateral and B, D, right lateral views. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 82
Fig 82. Plates 12–15.
A, B, plate 12; C, D, plate 13; E, F, plate 15 in A, C, E, left lateral and B, D, F, right lateral views. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 83
Fig 83. Plates 16–19.
A, B, plate 16; C, D, plate 17; E, F, plate 18; G, H, plate 19 in A, C, E, G, left lateral and B, D, F, H, right lateral views. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 84
Fig 84. Tail spikes.
A, B, anterior pair; C, D, posterior pair in lateral view. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Galton PM, Upchurch P. Stegosauria In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria. 2nd ed Berkeley: University of California Press; 2004. pp. 343–362.
    1. Gilmore CW. Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus . United States National Museum Bulletin 1914; 89: 1–143.
    1. Yen T-C. Freshwater molluscs of Cretaceous age from Montana and Wyoming. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1950; 233-A: 1–20.
    1. Ostrom JA. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin area, Montana and Wyoming. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 1970; 35: 1–234.
    1. Lockley MG, Meyer C, Siber H-J, Pabst B. Theropod tracks from the Howe Quarry, Morrison Formation Wyoming. Modern Geology 1998; 23: 309–316.

Publication types

Grants and funding

SCRM was funded by an Imperial College Junior Research Fellowship during the course of this study. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.