Challenges in the Management of Short Stature

Horm Res Paediatr. 2016;85(1):2-10. doi: 10.1159/000442350. Epub 2015 Dec 10.

Abstract

Human growth, from fetal life to adolescence, is dynamic and a good marker of health. Growth is a complex process influenced by genetic, hormonal, nutritional and environmental factors, both pre- and postnatally. To date, no international agreement regarding normal height has been established. Auxological parameters are fundamental to investigate potential short stature (SS), either with a known diagnosis, e.g. disproportionate or proportionate, prenatal and/or postnatal onset, or an unknown diagnosis, i.e. idiopathic SS. The incidence/prevalence of SS is difficult to establish. The measurement of choice in children aged <2 years is length, while in those >2 years of age it is height. A number of monogenic diseases that lead to proportionate SS due to either isolated growth hormone deficiency, multiple pituitary hormone deficiency, growth hormone insensitivity, primary acid-labile subunit deficiency, primary IGF-1 deficiency, IGF-1 resistance, primary IGF-2 deficiency or primary protease deficiency have been discovered in the last 30 years. In addition, the Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal Disorders revised in 2015 includes 436 conditions, with a number of genes of 364. A practical algorithm for the evaluation of SS as well as therapeutic options are discussed.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • Female
  • Growth Disorders* / genetics
  • Growth Disorders* / metabolism
  • Growth Disorders* / pathology
  • Growth Disorders* / therapy
  • Hearing Loss, Sensorineural* / genetics
  • Hearing Loss, Sensorineural* / metabolism
  • Hearing Loss, Sensorineural* / pathology
  • Hearing Loss, Sensorineural* / therapy
  • Human Growth Hormone / deficiency*
  • Humans
  • Infant
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / deficiency*
  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / genetics
  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / metabolism
  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / deficiency*
  • Male

Substances

  • IGF2 protein, human
  • Human Growth Hormone
  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor II

Supplementary concepts

  • Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Deficiency