Rhythmic and periodic EEG patterns of 'ictal-interictal uncertainty' in critically ill neurological patients

Abstract

Objectives: To study periodic and rhythmic EEG patterns classified according to Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology (SCCET) of the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society and their relationship to electrographic seizures.

Methods: We classified 655 routine EEGs in 371 consecutive critically ill neurological patients into (1) normal EEGs or EEGs with non-specific abnormalities or interictal epileptiform discharges, (2) EEGs containing unequivocal ictal EEG patterns, and (3) EEGs showing rhythmic and periodic EEG patterns of 'ictal-interictal uncertainty' (RPPIIIU) according to SCCET.

Results: 313 patients (84.4%) showed normal EEGs, non-specific or interictal abnormalities, 14 patients (3.8%) had EEGs with at least one electrographic seizure, and 44 patients (11.8%) at least one EEG containing RPPIIIU, but no EEG with electrographic seizures. Electrographic seizures occurred in 11 of 55 patients (20%) with RPPIIIU, but only in 3 of 316 patients (0.9%) without RPPIIIU (p⩽0.001). Conversely, we observed RPPIIIU in 11 of 14 patients (78.6%) with electrographic seizures, but only in 44 of 357 patients (12.3%) without electrographic seizures (p⩽0.001).

Conclusions: On routine-EEG in critically ill neurological patients RPPIIIU occur 3 times more frequently than electrographic seizures and are highly predictive for electrographic seizures.

Significance: RPPIIIU can serve as an indication for continuous EEG recordings.

Keywords: EEG in coma; EEG patterns; Electrographic seizures; Periodic EEG patterns; Rhythmic EEG patterns; Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology.