Oligohydramnios is associated with increased perinatal mortality and morbidity. Traditional methods of in utero fetal evaluation have been unsuccessful in reliably distinguishing oligohydramnios with normal outcome from that associated with increased perinatal morbidity. A prospective study was undertaken to establish the predictive value of Doppler velocimetry in identifying the fetus with oligohydramnios at increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome. Twenty-two gravid women with subjective oligohydramnios on ultrasound had continuous-wave umbilical artery velocimetry. Subjects were divided into two groups based on the results of Doppler analysis. Group 1 (N = 13) had normal umbilical Doppler waveforms. In this group, 12 of 13 patients had normal perinatal outcome, defined by the absence of intrapartum fetal distress or evidence of intrauterine growth retardation. Group 2 consisted of nine subjects with abnormal waveforms. Perinatal morbidity occurred in 100% in this group. We conclude that an abnormal umbilical artery waveform may provide confirmatory evidence of impending fetal compromise when the antenatal sonographic diagnosis of oligohydramnios is made.