Molecular and biochemical evidence on the protective effects of embelin and carnosic acid in isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial injury in rats

Abstract

Aims: Acute myocardial infarction is a serious acute cardiac disorder and heart disease is still a major public health problem in adults. We investigated the effects of embelin (EMB) and carnosic acid (CA) in animals with isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury.

Main methods: Adult male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into four groups: control, ISO, ISO with EMB, and ISO with CA. Before myocardial injury was induced, drugs were administered by oral gavage. Myocardial injury was induced by subcutaneous injection of ISO hydrochloride for 2 consecutive days. Serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI), ischemia modified albumin (IMA), heart fatty acid binding protein (HFABP) levels and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity, tissue total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), total thiol (TT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were measured. Tissue mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were analyzed. In addition, cardiac tissues were evaluated histopathologically and immunohistochemically.

Key findings: All tested compounds reduced myocardial damage, apoptosis, cTnI, IMA, HFABP, TOS, and TNF-α levels, NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (pJNK 1/2) expressions. All tested compounds increased SOD activity, GSH-Px activity, TAS levels, TT levels, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK 1/2), and Nrf2 expressions.

Significance: Our results suggest that EMB and CA pretreatment could reduce myocardial injury via antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects.

Keywords: 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (PubChem CID: 9283); Carnosic acid; Carnosic acid (PubChem CID: 65126); Embelin; Embelin (PubChem CID: 3218); Heart; Isoproterenol; Isoproterenol hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 5807); Myocardial infarction; Myocardial ischemia; Tween 80 (PubChem CID: 5281955).