The ethics of ICDs: History and future directions

Affiliations

• ¹ Associate Director, Center for Ethics, Humanities, and Spiritual Care, and Director of Clinical Ethics, Department of Bioethics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. E-mail: SMITHM24@ccf.org.
• ² Director, Center for Ethics, Humanities, and Spiritual Care, and Professor of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.